Actinobacteria

• Actinobacteria are characterized by filamentous bacteria morphology, isolation and culture medium, identification, and are known to cause diseases in animal species such as cattle, pigs, and sheep.
• Actinobacteria are opportunistic pathogens and can cause diseases in animals through various pathogenic factors.
• Actinobacteria cause diseases in animal species such as cattle, pigs, and sheep, with clinical signs including fever, lethargy, and weight loss.
• Actinobacteria can be identified through various methods including microbiological tests, serological tests, and molecular tests.
• Actinobacteria can be controlled through various methods including vaccination, quarantine, and sanitation.
• Actinobacteria II includes Corynebacterium, which is a non-sporing-forming bacteria that can cause tissue trauma infection suppurative lesion.
• Actinobacteria can be prevented through various methods including vaccination, quarantine, and sanitation.
• Pathogenic Corynebacterium are host specific and produce identifiable disease.
• Corynebacterium bovis produces small, white, dry, non-haemolytic colonies in the well of plates inoculated with a bovine milk sample.
• Colonies are up to 1 mm in diameter, yellow and haemolytic.
• Control for zoosporosis is based on minimizing the effects of predisposing factors and early treatment of clinical cases.
• Lesions may be extensive and deaths may occasionally occur, particularly in calves and lambs.
• Heavy prolonged rainfall in association with warm environmental temperatures can result in lesions predominantly affecting the dorsum of farm animals.
• Treatment for zoosporosis includes Oxytetracycline.
• PCR is used in the diagnosis of zoosporosis.
• Zoospores are most often transmitted by direct contact with infected animals and blood-sucking insects.
• When incubated for 3 to 4 days, colonies become rough, golden-yellow and are embedded in the agar.
• Diagnostic samples include scab material and samples of skin fixed in formalin.
• Smears from the undersurface of scabs or from softened scab material, stained by the Giemsa method, reveal the characteristic branching filaments containing zoospores.
• Corynebacterium kutscheri produces whitish colonies.
• Occasional isolates of Corynebacterium are haemolytic.
• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis has small, whitish colonies surrounded by a narrow zone of complete haemolysis, which may not be evident for up to 72 hours.
• After several days, the colonies of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis become dry, crumbly and cream-coloured.
• Corynebacterium is an intracellular pathogen that produces phospholipase D and protease 40.
• Members of the Corynebacterium group produce small non-haemolytic colonies after incubation for 24 hours.
• Corynebacterium is an opportunistic pathogen and can cause diseases such as caseous lymphadenitis, bovine pyelonephritis, and ulcerative balanoposthitis.
• Vaccines are available for use in some countries and may have a place in control programs.
• Bacterins, toxoid and combinations of bacterin and toxoid vaccines are used as vaccines against Corynebacterium.
• Porcine cystitis is caused by Actinobaculum suis and results in anorexia, arching of the back, dysuria and hematuria.
• Mainly causing suppurative lesions.
• Canine actinomycosis is caused by Actinomyces viscosus and results in subcutaneous pyogranulomatous lesions and extensive fibrovascular proliferation on the peritoneal or pleural surfaces with sanguine-purulent exudate in the affected cavity.
• The pathogenesis of Trueperella pyogenes infections is through exogenous infection and mechanical injuries of skin and mucous membranes.
• Any organ may be affected, including lymphadenitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, neural abscess, pyometra, mastitis.
• Diagnosis of Trueperella pyogenes infections is done through clinical signs, samples from sick animals, and histopathology.
• Treatment for canine actinomycosis includes penicillin.
• Canine nocardiosis is characterized by infections through inhalation, through skin wounds or by ingestion, and can result in thoracic, cutaneous and disseminated forms of the disease.
• Nocardia species can cause cutaneous and systemic infections in dogs, mastitis in cattle, sporadic abortion in sows, and are associated with immunosuppression.
• Treatment for bovine actinomycosis includes penicillin.
• Clinical signs of canine nocardiosis include fever, anorexia and respiratory distress.
• Bovine actinomycosis, also known as lumpy jaw, is caused by Actinobaculum bovis and results in swelling of the bone, then fistulous tracts discharge purulent exudate.