Strep

• Streptococcus is a genus of bacteria that are characterized by being gram positive cocci arranged in chains, being facultative anaerobes, non-motile and non-spore forming, having fastidious growth requirements, and not surviving for long away from the animal host.
• Streptococcus species cannot grow in media containing high salt (> 6.5%) unlike the salt resistant Staphylococcus.
• Streptococcus species are catalase negative, unlike Staphylococcus which is catalase positive and arranged in a grape-like appearance.
• Blood agar is used to determine the type of hemolysin toxin produced by the isolates (beta, alpha, gamma).
• Edwards media is used for selective isolation and identification of Streptococci.
• The Beta-hemolytic group of Streptococci are the most pathogenic, while the Alpha-hemolysis group are the most commensal.
• Streptococcus agalactiae has 10 serotypes based on capsular polysaccharide.
• The prevalence and capsular type distribution of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from pregnant women in Namibia and South Africa is unknown.
• Capsular polysaccharide switching in Streptococcus suis modulates host cell interactions and virulence.
• Changes in serotype prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Southampton, UK between 2006 and 2018
• Streptococcus suis is associated with speculative co-infections in diseases in pigs.
• Streptococcus agalactiae serotype IV is found in farmed tilapia.
• The current taxonomical situation of Streptococcus suis is unknown.
• Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent, has a worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing.
• Streptococcus suis virulence factors are not all critical.
• Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen.
• A New Pneumococcal Capsule Type, 10D, is the 100th Serotype and Has a Large cps Fragment from an Oral Streptococcus
• Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
• The Gamma-hemolytic group of Streptococci are most fecal Streptococci, such as S. gallolyticus and S. faecalis (now named Enterococcus faecalis).
• The cell surface of Streptococcus is decorated with many proteins and carbohydrate polymers, which are useful for serogrouping, serotyping, and vaccine production.
• Lancefield carbohydrate serogrouping method is used to group multiple species into a cluster/set.
• Generalized infection, the aggressive form affecting ear, eyes, lung, brain, joints/bones, can cause deaf, blindness, septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, polyarthritis.
• Streptococcus suis can affect the swine industry by causing pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis, polyarthritis, and abortion.
• Streptococcus suis subsp Zooepidemicus can occasionally cause infections.
• Streptococcus suis is the most common problem in the pig industry.
• Streptococcus dysgalactiae is associated with chronic contagious mastitis in cows.
• Contagious cervical lymphadenitis diseases in pigs are caused by Streptococcus suis.
• Streptococcus suis can cause diseases in pets by causing blindness, otitis, septicemia, contagious lymphadenitis, pneumonia, and fibrinous pleurisy.
• Streptococcus canis affects pets by causing blindness, otitis, septicemia, contagious lymphadenitis, pneumonia, and fibrinous pleurisy.
• Purpura haemorrhagica due to vascular damage can be caused by Streptococcus suis.
• Of all pathogens causing bovine mastitis, 23-50% are by Streptococcus spp.
• Streptococcus uberis is associated with clinical mastitis in cows.
• Pus accumulation in throat regions is a common problem in pigs.
• Streptococcus equi subsp Zooepidemicus can occasionally cause infections in pets.
• Streptococcus equi subsp Zooepidemicus can cause diseases in ruminants by causing metritis, mastitis, and abortion.
• Streptococcus suis causes meningitis, septic arthritis, subcutaneous hemorrhage, shock, pneumonia, permanent hearing loss & death in humans.
• Metastasis is serotype and/or host immune status dependent.
• Streptococcus gallolytics causes colorectal cancer and osteomyelitis in humans.
• Streptococcus spp. include adhesive spp., invasive spp., and diseases of Streptococcus in humans are categorized into four groups: throat and dermatological infection by Streptococcus pyogenes, the aggressive/virulent that infects upper respiratory tract and systemic infections by Streptococcus pneumoniae, reproductive tract of women by Streptococcus agalactiae, and emerging zoonotic Streptococcus of humans (animals to humans).
• Scarlet fever affects 700 million humans worldwide each year, causes scarlet fever (pharyngitis), "strep throat" infection, painful swallowing, lymph node and tonsil infection, fever, rash, and can cause cutaneous lesion and necrotizing skin fasciitis, leading to "flesh eating" by its pyrogenic exotoxins.