Enterococcus ,listeria,erysipela

• Enterococcus, Listeria, and Erysipelothryx are bacterial species that can cause diseases in animals.
• The diversity of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolated from pigs in Great Britain has implications for vaccine protection.
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: an occupational pathogen is a common occupational hazard.
• Characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased pigs is important for understanding the pathogenesis of the infection.
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: an unusual pathogen of infective endocarditis is a rare but potentially serious condition.
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in animals can cause generalized conditions.
• Infections with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in poultry flocks can lead to significant economic losses.
• Enterococcus, Listeria, and Erysipelothryx can be characterized, differentiated, and classified using specific media and tests.
• Enterococcus, Listeria, and Erysipelothryx have specific habitats in animals and humans.
• Enterococcus, Listeria, and Erysipelothryx have specific virulence factors for pathogenicity.
• Enterococcus, Listeria, and Erysipelothryx can cause various diseases in animals.
• Enterococcus, Listeria, and Erysipelothryx can be isolated and identified using specific methods.
• Rational treatment and control methods for Enterococcus, Listeria, and Erysipelothryx infections are available.
• Listeria's predilection site is visceral and neural infection.
• Listeria causes diseases in several animal species including humans, with symptoms including febrile gastroenteritis, bacteremia, brain stem and cranial nerve dysfunction, and placentitis.
• Listeria is an intracellular pathogen.
• Listeria's control mainly involves controlling its growth in the feed, particularly in silage.
• Listeria's control is difficult as it is ubiquitously present and its risk factors are not well known, except for silage.
• Listeria's control is important as it can cause diseases in humans.
• Vaccination with live attenuated listeria vaccine is used in Norway, and commercial killed vaccine is used in some countries.
• Listeria is a Gram-positive intracellular pathogen that can be treated with Ampicillin (200 mg/kg per day, IV), Chlortetracycline (10 mg/kg per day for 5 days, IV), Penicillin (44,000 U/kg per day for 7 days, IM), Trimethoprim-sulphmethoxazole (10 mg/kg per day, IV).
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infects mammals (pig, horses, cattle), birds (turkey), reptiles, amphibians, fish, pigs including wild boars (wildlife), detected in horses with vegetative endocarditis, and turkey with swollen snood.
• Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced by 95% of strains of Erysipelothrix species on triple sugar iron (TSI) agar.
• Erysipelothrix has no well-known virulence factors except surface structures and enzymes.
• Surface structures of Erysipelothrix include a capsule (lipopolysaccharide, slime or glycocalyx) for resistance to phagocytosis, and surface protective proteins (spA, B and C antigens) for biofilm formation, adhesion, and to elicit immune response.
• Superoxide dismutase of Erysipelothrix is for protection from intracellular killing by macrophages.
• Erysipelothrix is the problem of pigs, ruminants, and turkey, it is zoonotic/humans, and it causes a characteristic purplish, swollen, painful, hardened rash known as erysipeloid.
• Erysipelothrix can enter the host orally to colonize tonsils, and flies may transmit it.
• Diseases caused by Erysipelothrix include endocarditis, pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, and others.
• These surface proteins can be used as a protective vaccine against Erysipelothrix.
• Enzymes of Erysipelothrix include neuraminidase (sialidase) for bacterial attachment, invasion, destroy blood vessels leading to hemorrhage and thrombosis, and hyaluronidase for spreading via destroying hyaluronic acid and polysaccharides between adjacent cells.
• Erysipelothrix can exit from the host mainly with feces to spread to the environment (effluent) and new host.
• Erysipelothrix does not produce pus.
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is characterized by alpha-hemolytic colonies on blood agar, heart infusion agar with sodium azide & crystal violet for plating pig sample and incubated for 48h, ferments glucose, lactose producing acid but not maltose and mannitol, and produces H2S.
• Humans can be infected with Erysipelothrix due to occupational zoonotic disease, people who have contact with pigs, poultry, fish (vets, abattoir workers, butchers, farmers), and it causes a purple-colored hardened finger swelling.
• Erysipelothrix is unique and probably the only Gram-positive bacillus/rod bacteria that produce H2S.
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can cause septicemia, fever, thrombosis, ischemic necrosis, and abortion.
• Abortion, Dissemination, Fish handlers, poultry, pig farm, abattoir workers or Vets are at risk of skin problem due to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.
• Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae uses its surface structures and enzymes to attack pigs, turkey, and humans.
• Diagnosis of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae can be done through clinical signs, bacteriology, and serology (serotyping).