Enterobacteriaceae salmonella

• Enterobacteriaceae are commensal of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and are a major cause of gastro-intestinal infection (diarrhea & dehydration), liver abscess, 70% of urinary tract infection, mastitis by CEEK & proteus, 33% of all septicemia or bacteremia cases, pneumonia by Klebsiella pneumoniae, and major cause of meningitis.
• Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobic, non-fastidious, non-spore forming, and can grow on bile containing media (MacConkey agar).
• All Enterobacteriaceae are lactose fermenters and can be differentiated into lactose fermenters and lactose non-fermenters.
• The greatest impact of Enterobacteriaceae in humans & animals is as a major cause of gastro-intestinal infection (diarrhea & dehydration), liver abscess, 70% of urinary tract infection, mastitis by CEEK & proteus, 33% of all septicemia or bacteremia cases, pneumonia by Klebsiella pneumoniae, and major cause of meningitis.
• Whole genome sequencing analysis of multiple Salmonella serovars provides insights into phylogenetic relatedness, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence markers across humans, food animals and agriculture environmental sources - PMC (nih.gov)
• An ancient family of mobile genomic islands introducing cephalosporinase and carbapenemase genes in Enterobacteriaceae - FULL ARTICLE
• Produce-Growing Regions - PMC (nih.gov)
• Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil - PMC (nih.gov)
• Phylogeny and species identification of the family Enterobacteriaceae based on dnaJ sequences – ScienceDirect
• The habitat of Enterobacteriaceae includes the intestine, lung, stomach, rumen, liver, pancreas, mouth, anus, kidney, urogenital tract, conjunctiva, and sweat gland of skin.
• Salmonella can be identified through biochemical tests such as the Triple sugar iron test, Lysin iron agar, Idole test, and Christensen's urea agar.
• Serotyping of Salmonella is done using "O" and "H" antisera.
• Enterobacteriaceae are characterized by being gram-negative rods, lactose non-fermenters, urease negative, and produce hydrogen sulfide gas.
• Salmonella shares all characteristics that we described for Enterobacteriaceae, including being gram-negative rods, lactose non-fermenters, urease negative, and producing hydrogen sulfide gas.
• Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Proteus are members of the medical microbiology group known as Enterobacteriaceae.
• The composition of intestinal Enterobacteriaceae populations of healthy domestic pigs is a topic of study in medical microbiology.
• Enrichment media that serves for injured Salmonella recovery but inhibits coliforms is a topic of study in medical microbiology.
• Salmonella can be confirmed through multiplex PCR using primers targeting invA, fliC, & Prot6E.
• Enterobacteriaceae are motile by peritrichous flagella, except for Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Pullorum.
• Salmonella is widely used in culture media such as MacConkey agar, Eosin methylene blue, Brilliant green agar, and Salmonella and Shigella agar.
• Salmonella has diverse enzymes for resistance to antimicrobials, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and Beta-lactamases.
• Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1, SPI-2 and other SPIs are present on the genome of Salmonella.
• Salmonella has siderophores for rob iron from host cell and transport it to bacteria.
• Birds can carry germs like Salmonella while looking healthy and clean.
• Both DNAs encoding T3SS and other dangerous toxins are present on the genome of Salmonella.
• Always take steps to stay healthy around wild birds and bird feeders.
• Salmonella has 5-10 flagella for motility, adhesion and flagella (H) antigenic variation.
• Salmonella has a capsule (vi) for adhesion, shield/protect Salmonella from antibodies, complement, & phagocytes.
• Plasmids or genome of Salmonella encodes drug resistance (e.g beta-lactamases).
• Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen with uptake into the epithelial cells of the GI tract being required for pathogenesis.
• Wild birds can carry Salmonella and make people sick.
• The three broad virulence factors for pathogenicity are body structures for adhesion & binding, enzymes, and toxins.
• Salmonella has lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) for adherence, intestinal colonization, induce inflammation, fever, and damage endothelium of blood vessels; hence causes ischemic necrosis (e.g gangrene in S. Dublin).
• Salmonella is armed with diverse Virulence factors for pathogenesis: surface structures, enzymes & toxins.
• Salmonella outbreaks are often linked to wild songbirds.
• Salmonella primarily affects the caecum and proximal colon in adults.
• The genome or plasmids at the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI-1, SPI-2, etc.) encode toxins.
• Salmonella germs can spread between birds, to pets, and to people.
• Tonsils are a hiding place in the body of infected animals.
• Dry gangrene of the extremities in calves has been linked with Salmonella dublin infection.