Yersinia and proteus

• Yersinia and Proteus are two bacterial species that are important.
• Three species of Yersinia are important: Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
• Yersinia is a gram-negative rod that can be either motile or non-motile, depending on the species.
• Yersinia pestis does not have the H antigen and is motile, while Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis have the T3SS and siderophores, are non-motile, and are flagellate.
• Proteus mirabilis: infections | conditions of development | treatment | (hygiene-in-practice.com)
• Bacterial Swarming Reduces Proteus mirabilis and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Cell Stiffness and Increases β-Lactam Susceptibility
• Cell Shape and Population Migration Are Distinct Steps of Proteus mirabilis Swarming That Are Decoupled on High-Percentage Agar
• Imaging Enterobacteriaceae infection in vivo with 18F-fluorodeoxysorbitol positron emission tomography
• Yersinia pestis is characterized by its habitats and host ranges, virulence factors, types of diseases caused, isolation and identification methods, and treatment and control methods.
• Proteus spp are an indicator of fecal pollution in water and soil.
• Proteus spp can survive in the environment in feces, sewage, manure, polluted soil, water, and plant.
• Proteus spp have 80 O-antigenic serogroups and use immune evasion strategies such as the production of O-antigens and flagellin variation.
• Proteus spp have a broad host range and can be found in the gastrointestinal tract, Vulva and vagina, Skin, oral mucosa, and environmental mastitis.
• Coliforms and Proteus spp are found in the environments of all vertebrates and can cause diseases such as gastrointestinal tract infections, Vulva and vagina infections, Skin infections, oral mucosa infections, environmental mastitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and diarrhea.
• Proteus is highly motile with peri-trichous flagella, uses its flagella for swarming, and can differentiate identical (A & B) & different strains (c) Proteus spp by formation of the boundaries (Dienes lines).
• Microbiology and pathogenesis of Yersinia infections are discussed in UpToDate.
• Proteus spp are known for swarming motility on agar media/solid surface and swimming motility in liquid media.
• Proteus is a lactose non-fermenter, produces H2 S gas, is urease positive, and is known for its ammonia smell because its urease converts urea to ammonia.
• Symptoms and sources of Yersinia enterocolitica-infection: a case-control study are discussed in BMC Infectious Diseases.
• Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections (Enteritis and Other Illnesses) are discussed in the Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases.
• Coliforms and Proteus spp have various habitats and sources including Fimbriae, Flagella, LPS, O and capsular polysaccharides, and Biofilm.
• Yersinia enterocolitica proliferates at refrigeration temperatures, making it a common cause of enterocolitis in colder areas of Europe and North America.
• Yersinia is primarily an animal pathogen that occasionally transmits to humans through direct or indirect contact.
• Both categories utilize surface structures, enzymes and toxins for pathogenesis particularly products from their syringe-like T3 secretion system.
• Antibiotics should be given for moderate to severe cases of yersiniosis.
• Yersinia isolates are usually susceptible to trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, aminoglycosides, 3rd-G cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines.
• Controlling Yersinia in wild and domestic animals contributes to the control of human yersiniosis since antimicrobial treatment is controversial.
• The flea-borne Yersinia is registered as a bioterrorism agent but the fecal-oral transmitted Yersinia are registered as foodborne.
• If plague is detected, the intervention measures look like that of COVID-19 including monitoring of the rodent populations, inspection and supervision of vector surveillance, control fleas by insecticides, launch quarantine to stop its spread, stop movement of persons, baggage, cargo, containers, conveyances, goods, and vaccination is a preventive measure for the plague but the current vaccines are not safe; thus, vaccine is not commonly used.
• Serology, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Bacteriological gram stain, culture, biochemical tests are used in the treatment of Yersinia.
• Antibiotics are generally not recommended for yersiniosis unless the illness is severe/systemic.
• Gangrene leg is a condition caused by Yersinia.
• Most people and animals with yersiniosis recover on their own.
• For plague (Y. pestis) treatment, dispense of oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support, use of antibiotics: streptomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol are necessary.
• Yersinia is classified into two based on transmission: flea-borne and fecal-oral route.
• Isolation, identification, and diagnosis methods of Yersinia include blood culture (plague), bubo aspirate culture (bubonic plague), sputum culture (pneumonic plague), Cerebrospinal fluid culture (septicemic plague), Fecal culture, and Food/water culture.
• Individuals with diarrhea should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
• The virulence factors of Yersinia are encoded at the high pathogenicity island on the genome or its 3 plasmids: capsule, lipopolysaccharide, and low calcium response virulence (LcrV).
• The capsule of Yersinia prevents and promotes serum resistance and elicits a hemorrhagic inflammatory lesion.
• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Yersinia causes endotoxemia, pyrogens, and blood vessel destruction.