Bordetella

• A 56-year-old man with a left parietal glioblastoma; treated with resection, radiation and concomitant temozolomide (DNA methylation) chemotherapy.
• The patient received bevacizumab (angiogenesis inhibitor) for progression, and dose dense metronomic temozolomide was added for additional progression.
• The patient developed chronic cough and was diagnosed with Mycoplasma infection.
• This is the first reported case of Mycoplasma infection in a patient receiving temozolomide.
• Parapertussis is more commonly caused by Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.
• Bronchiseptica causes respiratory diseases in multiple animals and the disease is mediated through attachment and toxin production.
• Parapertussis lacks O-antigen and cannot infect mice.
• Parapertussis ovipneumonia is a disease that affects sheep and causes chronic, non-progressive pneumonia.
• Bronchiseptica is similar to Mycoplasma avium in terms of pathogenesis, but is more specific for fowl.
• The patient reported having adopted a new kitten 3 weeks prior to the onset of his symptoms.
• The kitten had not received any prior vaccinations.
• The kitten manifested symptoms of conjunctivitis as well as respiratory symptoms with intermittent gagging, and was seen by their veterinarian and treated with antibiotics with resolution of its symptoms.
• Patients receiving temozolomide should be counseled on the risks of acquiring zoonotic infections from their pets.
• The final culture results identified the organism as Moraxella catharalis.
• Moraxella catharalis is a member of the Bordetella spp. (not members of the Pasteurellaceae).
• Bordetella spp. include Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella avium-fowl, Bordetella hinzii, Bordetella parapertusis, Bordetella pertusis, and Bordetella holmesii.
• Bordetella bronchiseptica is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that may stain bipolar, is motile, urease positive, but non-saccharolytic and non-fermentative, oxidase and catalase positive, grows well on MacConkey agar, and infects a wide variety of animals and compromised humans.
• Bordetella bronchiseptica is an obligate parasite of the upper respiratory tract of mammals, is transmitted by aerosol, is a strict aerobe, and does not saccharolytically oxidize organic sulfur and nitrogen (e.g. amino acids).
• Bordetella bronchiseptica causes chronic non-progressive pneumonia in sheep.
• Bordetella bronchiseptica preferentially adheres to cilia and is rarely seen bound to aciliated cells or aciliated portions of ciliated cells.
• Antibodies to pili may be most important in preventing Bordetella bronchiseptica infection.
• Bordetella bronchiseptica is associated with upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) due to overlap in clinical signs seen with other URTD agents, including feline calici virus (FCV) and feline herpes virus (FHV).
• Systemic infections have been reported in compromised humans (e.g AIDS patients) as well as respiratory infections.
• NasaGuard-B is a nonadjuvanted antigenic extract prepared from the cells of Bordetella bronchiseptica for vaccination of healthy dogs and puppies at least 3 weeks of age or older to aid in preventing kennel cough caused by B bronchiseptica.
• Bronchopneumonia can occur in a wide variety of animals, usually secondary to stress or other respiratory infection.
• Previous or co-infection of respiratory tract with other bacteria or viral agents can compromise the effectiveness of Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccination.
• Mucosal immunity (IgA) may be most protective in dogs and colostral antibody most protective in piglets.
• Respiratory disease in rodents is a common occurrence.
• Diagnosis of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection can be done through specimen collection, including dogs: transtracheal aspiration or bronchoscopy, swine: nasal swab on selective medium, and culture on MacConkey, TSI–(K/K), urea +.
• In most cats, disease caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica is mild and symptoms disappear in ~10 days.
• Cats may get trachebronchitis, conjunctivitis, or pneumonia in conjunction with calici or herpes viruses.
• Vaccination against Bordetella bronchiseptica can be done with bacterins, live attenuated vaccines given intranasally, or specific subunit vaccines (e.g pili).
• Bordetella bronchiseptica causes respiratory distress and "cough" with high morbidity and mortality.
• Bordetella bronchiseptica virulence factors include adherence factors, fimbriae (pili), filamentous hemaglutinin, exotoxins, and lipopolysaccharide.
• Bordetella bronchiseptica is an avirulent live culture.
• Kennel cough (dry, hacking) may last for weeks, organisms may be shed for months; may also have runny nose and sneeze.
• The cough of Bordetella bronchiseptica infections can be so severe as to cause vomiting.
• Animals often co-infected with distemper or other respiratory agent (parainfluenza); may also develop pneumonia.
• Swine Atrophic Rhinitis is transmitted and pathogenesis similar to that in dogs, except the sow is the most common source, primarily affects turbinates, and toxins cause upper jaw to shorten, and twists snout to one side.
• Primary bronchopneumonia may also occur in very young pigs (less than 1 week old), particularly in winter months.