Bacterioides

• Non-spore-forming, Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria are known as anaerobes.
• Anaerobes can be spore-forming or non-spore-forming, and can be of different types such as Gram (+), Gram (-), or obligate anaerobes.
• Obligate anaerobes do not produce superoxide dismutase and catalase, and oxygen is toxic to them.
• Normal flora of animals and humans are found on mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and urogenital tract, and protect against pathogens at mucosal surfaces.
• Anaerobes are found on mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and urogenital tract, and protect against pathogens at mucosal surfaces.
• Anaerobes produce abscesses and metabolites which provides protection against antimicrobials and phagocytosis.
• Facultative anaerobes form abscesses, scavenge molecular oxygen which reduces redox potential, and produce abscesses and metabolites which provides protection against antimicrobials and phagocytosis.
• Abscesses are collections of pus that have the buildup of fluid, living and dead white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria.
• Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.
• Diagnosis of anaerobic infections involves microbiological analysis, including colony morphology, Gram staining, PCR analysis for toxin genes, and serological tests.
• Treatment of anaerobic infections may involve surgical intervention and antibiotic therapy, with some strains being resistant to beta-lactams.
• Bacteroides are non-spore-forming, Gram-negative, pleomorphic, bile-resistant, anaerobic rods that are aerotolerant, produce capsular polysaccharides, produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are resistant to common antibiotics, and are part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and urogenital tract.
• Bacteroides fragilis is the most clinically significant pathogen, and produces fimbriae, agglutinins, capsular polysaccharides, LPS, endotoxin, adhesion, enzymes, and short-chain fatty acids.
• Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have beneficial effects on gut health, including inhibition of the growth of pathogens, anti-inflammatory effects, and can be produced by Bacteroides.
• Patrick S, Houston S, Thacker Z, Blakely GW conducted a mutational analysis of genes implicated in LPS and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in the opportunistic pathogen Bacteroides fragilis.
• De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Bäckhed F, Mithieux G reported that microbiota-produced succinate improves glucose homeostasis via intestinal gluconeogenesis.
• Movassaghi AR, Rad M reported a rare case of septicemia due to Bacteroides melaninogenicus in a Holstein cow.
• Sato Y reported a case of vulvar abscess caused by Bacteroides sp infection in a female dog.
• Allan R, Fenwick SG, Clark P, Cave N reported a case of meningitis in a dog caused by Prevotella oralis.
• Özavci V, Erbas G, Parin U, Yüksel HT, Kirkan Ş reported that molecular detection of feline and canine periodontal pathogens is possible.
• Rothe K, Tsokos M, Handrick W reported that animal and human bite wounds can lead to infections.
• Park JE, Park SY, Song DJ, Huh HJ, Ki CS, Peck KR, Lee NY reported a case of Bacteroides pyogenes bacteremia secondary to liver abscess.
• Béchon N, Mihajlovic J, Vendrell-Fernández S, Chain F, Langella P, Beloin C, Ghigo JM reported that capsular polysaccharide cross-regulation modulates Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron biofilm formation.
• Nomura R, Inaba H, Yasuda H, Shirai M, Kato Y, Murakami M, Iwashita N, Shirahata S, Yoshida S, Matayoshi S, Yasuda J reported that inhibition of Porphyromonas gulae and periodontal disease in dogs by a combination of clindamycin and interferon alpha was effective.
• Deng H, Li Z, Tan Y, Guo Z, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Yang R, Bi Y, Bai Y, Zhi F reported a novel strain of Bacteroides fragilis that enhances phagocytosis and polarises M1 macrophages.
• Eftimiadi C, Buzzi E, Tonetti M, Buffa P, Buffa D, Van Steenbergen MT, De Graaff J, Botta GA reported that short-chain fatty acids produced by anaerobic bacteria alter the physiological responses of human neutrophils to chemotactic peptide.
• Paster BJ, Dewhirst FE, Olsen I, Fraser GJ conducted a phylogeny of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Porphyromonas spp and related bacteria.
• Madsen IR, Justesen US described a case of bacteremia with Bacteroides pyogenes after a cat bite.
• Bacteroides are associated with infections such as abscess formation, inflammatory diseases caused by polymicrobial infections, and their natural habitats include bite wound/trauma, hematogenous spread, intra-abdominal infection, pelvic infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, septic arthritis, meningitis,
• Bacteroides are resistant to penicillin, kanamycin, vancomycin and colistin.
• Bacteroides are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals.
• Bacteroides can be cultured using 16Cultures of Bacteroides Bile Esculin Agar TSA with 5% sheep blood.
• Bacteroides are associated with infections such as abscess formation, inflammatory diseases caused by polymicrobial infections, and their natural habitats include bite wound/trauma, hematogenous spread, intra-abdominal infection, pelvic infections, skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, septic arthritis, meningitis, upper respiratory infection, endocarditis, and pericarditis.
• Bacteroides bile Esculin Agar TSA with 5% sheep blood is used for culturing Bacteroides.
• Bacteroides are characterized by circular, entire, white or grey 2 - 3 - mm colonies that are shiny and smooth.
• Porphyromonas gulae produces LPS (endotoxin) and fimbriae (FimA, Mfa1).
• Porphyromonas is a non-spore-forming, Gram-negative, obligate anaerobes.
• Treatment for Porphyromonas includes surgical drainage and effective antibiotics.
• Porphyromonas is asaccharolytic but proteolytic.
• Porphyromonas is a non-spore-forming, Gram-negative, non-motile, obligate anaerobic rod or coccobacilli.