Fusobacterium

• Fusobacterium is a type of bacteria that includes Dichelobacter.
• Fusobacterium is obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative, filamentous rods.
• The phylum Fusobacteria includes Fusobacterium.
• Fusobacterium has a pleomorphic morphology.
• Fusobacterium produces butyric acid.
• Fusobacterium is sensitive to kanamycin.
• Fusobacterium is resistant to vancomycin.
• Diagnosis of Dichelobacter nodosus infections includes necrotic lesions with a foul odor and anaerobic culture.
• Dichelobacter nodosus causes footrot in sheep and goats.
• Treatment of Dichelobacter nodosus infections includes surgical drainage and effective antibiotics.
• Dichelobacter nodosus is a polymicrobial infection.
• Virulence factors of Dichelobacter nodosus include Type IV fimbriae (fimA) and production of serine proteases.
• The normal flora at mucosal sites of the gut, urogenital tract, and oral cavity includes Fusobacterium.
• Fusobacterium is an opportunistic pathogen that causes diseases such as Fusobacterium necrophorum, also known as Lemierre’s syndrome.
• Fusobacterium necrophorum is a subspecies with two biotypes: Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp necrophorum, which is virulent, and Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp funduliforme, which is less virulent.
• Diseases associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum include necrobacillosis, a major cause of necrobacillosis in animals such as calf diphtheria, liver abscess, footrot, and uterine disease (Metritis).
• Fusobacterium necrophorum is polymicrobial and associated pathogens include Trueperella pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii, Prevotella melaninogenica, and Dichelobacter nodosus.
• Fusobacterium necrophorum attaches to host cells through hemagglutinins, pili, and outer membrane proteins (FomA).
• Chronic arthritis can occur if bovine footrot is untreated.
• Prevention of necrophorum invasion of the liver can involve vaccination, antibiotics such as tylosin and chlortetracycline, and nutritional management.
• Bovine footrot is an infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the foot and subsequent lameness.
• Causative agents of bovine footrot include Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas levii, and Trueperella pyogenes.
• Rumen pH levels below 5.5 can cause necrophorum invasion of the liver.
• Treatment of bovine footrot can involve systemic antibiotics labeled for footrot, removal of the necrotic tissue with a topical antibiotic, footbaths containing agents such as zinc sulphate, and prevention measures such as environmental hygiene, good nutrition with vitamin A, D, zinc, etc., keeping the foot clean and dry, and removal of sources of injury.
• Symptoms of bovine footrot can include lameness, swelling of the interdigital space, loss of appetite, fever, pain, and necrotic lesions with a foul odor in the interdigital space.
• Necrophorum invasion of the liver can cause multiple caseous nodules on the liver of lambs and abscesses in the liver of cattle.
• Treatment of necrophorum invasion of the liver can involve procaine penicillin G, oxytetracycline, and ampicillin trihydrate.
• Bovine footrot is a chronic disease caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum.
• Necrophorum invasion of the liver can cause reduced feed intake, weight loss, and no clinical signs.
• Necrophorum invasion of the liver can lead to abscess formation and is associated with a pH of around 7.0.
• Diagnosis of bovine footrot can be done through clinical signs and foot examination.
• Fusobacterium necrophorum produces toxins such as Leukotoxin (lysis of leukocytes), LPS (endotoxin), Hemolysin (lysis of erythrocytes), and Dermonecrotic toxin (lysis of collagen).
• Affected host of calf diphtheria is calves under 3 months of age.
• Clinical features of calf diphtheria include stridor and difficulty feeding.
• Systemic administration of sulfonamides or tetracyclines is a treatment for calf diphtheria.
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be helpful in the treatment of calf diphtheria.
• Synonyms for calf diphtheria include Oral necrobacillosis, Necrotic pharyngitis or laryngitis.
• Bacterial culture of calf diphtheria often identifies Fusobacterium necrophorum together with Trueperella pyogenes from laryngeal swabs of animals with clinical laryngitis.
• Clinical symptoms of calf diphtheria include fever, depression, anorexia, excessive salivation, painful coughing, a foul smell from the mouth, and dyspnea (hard breathers), and pneumonia if untreated.
• Postmortem examination of calf diphtheria can reveal infection in the arytenoid cartilage.