Yeast

• The main yeasts are Cryptococcus, Malassezia, and Candida.
• Cryptococcus is associated with ulcerative lesions affecting mucous membranes, and can be found in the respiratory tract, central nervous system, and eyes.
• Cats are more severely affected by Cryptococcus, developing systemic mycosis.
• Cryptococcus can also affect cows, causing mastitis.
• Cryptococcus can affect horses, causing endometritis and abortion.
• Dogs, ferrets, sheep, goats, llamas, parrots, and elk can also be affected by Cryptococcus.
• Humans can be affected by Cryptococcus, particularly immunocompromised patients.
• Cryptococcus has spherical cells, is a monomorphic fungus, contains sialic acids, and produces phospholipase and melanin.
• The capsule of Cryptococcus is a major virulence factor, preventing antibody phagocytosis, stimulating T regulatory cells, and inactivating the alternative complement pathway activation.
• Cryptococcus grows at room temperatures to 37 ° C, encapsulation is optimal in chocolate agar plates, 37 ° C, 5%CO 2, and produces melanin pigmented colonies.
• Cryptococcus has four antigenic types: A, B, C, D.
• Cryptococcus neoformans causes meningitis, encephalitis, and granuloma in the central nervous system, and bilateral, miliary lesions and lobar pneumonia in the pulmonary system.
• Cryptococcus neoformans can manifest systemic diseases such as skin, lung, and dog horse diseases.
• Cryptococcus neoformans can cause traumatic implantation, ulcerative papules in skin, nodules, granulomas, or ulcers in mucocutaneous tissue.
• Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogen that lives in surface dust and dirt and is present in dried pigeon feces up to one year, rich in creatinine.
• Cryptococcus neoformans has three immunity mechanisms: serology, cell mediated immunity, and natural killer cells.
• Laboratory diagnosis for Malassezia pachydermatis includes direct examination, cotton-tipped swabs rolled on glass slides and stained with Wright’s and Giemsa.
• Yeast with characteristic morphology of “bottled-shaped or “shoe print”.
• Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic fungus that is associated with other skin diseases and is more prevalent in dog breeds such as Australian silky terriers, basset hounds, cocker spaniels, dachshunds, poodles, West highland white terriers.
• Laboratory diagnosis for Cryptococcus neoformans includes direct examination, histopathology, Wright and Giemsa staining, and culture.
• Control for Cryptococcus neoformans includes disinfecting surfaces in facilities.
• Cryptococcus neoformans is transmitted through respiratory and rarely percutaneous routes, and is non-contagious.
• Treatment for Cryptococcus neoformans includes fluconazole, itraconazole, and 5-fluorocytosine.
• Malassezia pachydermatis is an oval budding yeast that does not produce filaments and is associated with otitis externa and dermatitis.
• Candida albicans produces cellular products such as adhesin, which aids in adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins, and proteases and neuraminidases, which promote tissue invasion and adherence to host cells.
• Candida albicans can cause septicemic infections in the respiratory and intestinal tracts.
• Candida albicans grows aerobically, between 25 to 30 °C, in the presence of sugar.
• Candida albicans causes diseases by producing adhesin, cell wall glycoproteins, endotoxins, and virulence factors.
• Candida albicans is transmitted endogenously, as it is a commensal microorganism, and can also spread systemically.
• Candida albicans can cause diseases such as pneumonic, enteric, mastitis, and systemic candidiasis in birds, swine, equine, cattle, and pets like dogs and cats.
• Candida albicans is present in mucocutaneous areas, gastrointestinal and genital tracts of mammals and birds.
• Candida albicans can also affect the genital tract, skin, and claws.
• Candida albicans produces cellular products such as
• Candida albicans is a commensal microorganism present in the mucocutaneous areas, gastrointestinal and genital tracts of mammals and birds.
• Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that can exist as yeast cells or pseudohyphae.
• Candida albicans causes diseases by affecting the mucous surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the stomach, resulting in whitish to yellow or gray plaques with areas of ulceration and inflammation.