The Rate and Extent of Chemical Change

• Temperature affects the kinetic energy of particles, increasing their movement and collisions with other molecules.
• Factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions include temperature, concentration, surface area, catalysts, and pressure.
• The rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are used up or products formed.
• Increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction by providing more frequent and energetic collisions between reactant particles.
• The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction depends on whether it is an exothermic or endothermic reaction.
• Exothermic reactions release heat as they occur, while endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings to take place.
• The rate of reaction can be measured by measuring the change in mass or volume over time using a stopwatch.
• Increasing the temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the reacting particles, leading to more frequent successful collisions between them.
• Concentration is the amount of solute dissolved per unit volume of solution.
• When the concentration of one reactant is increased, it leads to an increase in the number of successful collisions and therefore an increase in the rate of reaction.
• Surface area refers to the amount of exposed material available for reaction.
• There is always an endothermic direction and an exothermic direction in a reversible reaction.
• An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from its surroundings while an exothermic reaction releases heat into its surroundings.
• Equilibrium a state in which backwards and forward reactions are kept constant
• A catalyst lowers the activation energy rate
• Catalysts speed up rate of reaction
• Equilibrium happens in a closed system at the same rate
• If we increase the concentration of reactants, the products will form more quickly so the equilibrium shifts towards the product side
• Le Chatelier's principle states that if a change occurs to one condition, then the other will shift to counteract it
• If we increase the concentration of products, the equilibrium shifts to the reactants.