Aerobic Respiration

• The electron transport chain is the final stage of aerobic respiration, where electrons are passed from one carrier molecule to another.
• Electron carriers include cytochromes (proteins with iron atoms) and flavoproteins (containing riboflavin).
• Chemical equation for cellular respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
• Oxidation involves losing electrons or hydrogen atoms.
• Fermentation produces lactic acid in muscle cells during intense exercise without enough oxygen supply.
• Anaerobic fermentation occurs when glucose reacts with pyruvate to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate into lactate, which can be converted back to pyruvate by the liver.
• Alcoholic fermentation uses yeast enzyme zymase to convert sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.