Unit 4 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF SPACE

• State

  largest political unit, formal for country

  • defined boundary
  • permanent population
  • sovereignty over domestic and international affairs
  • recognized by other states

  Ex:

  Maryland is not a state

  • not recognized by other states
  • does not have sovereignty for international affairs
• Sovereignty

  (self ruled) you are making the rules by yourself

  • control over domestic and international affairs
• Nation

  • common culture heritage
  • unifying beliefs and values
  • claim a traditional homeland
  • desire to establish a state

  state = germany

  nation = germans
• Nation-State

  • A singular nation of people who occupy a state
  • Examples include:
  • Japan- 99% of the population is Japanese
  • Iceland- 94% of the population is Icelandic
  • In order to be considered a nation state: 90% of nation needs to be same nation
  • A nation state isn't as common because of MIGRATION and GLOBALIZATION
  • A singular nation of people who occupy a state
  • Ex:
  • iceland
  • japan
• Multinational State

  • A State that contains more than one nation
  • Typically have a dominant nation with most political control

  (More than one nation)

  Ex:

  • Canada
  • Malaysia
• Autonomous Regiona defined are within a state with a degree autonomy

  • high degree of freedom and self governance
  • region in a state
  • run own government
  • own region instead of a state
  • limited input and interaction

  Nation of people who has a high degree of sovereignty

  Autonomy over governmental affairs

  Ex:

  • Scotland
  • United Kingdom
  • Aland in Finland
• Stateless Nation

  nations of people with no independent political autonomy

  • a nation that has a history of self determination
  • is not a recognized state

  Nation of people who do not have a formal state

  • people identify in nationality
  • they DON'T have a desire to be a state
  • no control over political boundaries
  • significant dialect differences
  • no sovereignty
  • not given opportunity to become own state/ autonomous region
  • no recognition from other states

  Ex:

  Hong Kong

  Palestine

  Kailasa

  Basques

  Kurdish
• Multi state nationA nation that has a state of its own but stretches across borders

  • people in a nation living out side the borders
  • cultural identity is present in multiple states
• Multi state nationA nation that has a state of its own but stretches across borders

  • people in a nation living out side the borders
  • cultural identity is present in multiple states

  Ex:

  Hungary- Many hungarians live outside of hungary

  Korea

  USA
• centripetal forces

  Unifying forces that are pulling together

  • Common political beliefs

  Ex:

  External war pulling other countries apart, unified the country to fight against threat

  9/11 strongest things happening bring people together

  Centripetal forces brought the country together: usually patriotic forces
• Nationalism

  Desire to create and maintain a state

  {Allegiance to a nation of nation state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individuals or groups in trusts}
• Centrifugal forces

  Factors that break countries apart

  • anything can be a force depending on society uses it

  Uniting the people

  Ex:

  Civil war: internal war- broke country
• Imperialism

  A general term for influence over another country or group

  • Conquest
  • Economic Control
  • Cultural Dominance
• Colonialism Type of imperialism where people move into and settle in the land of another country

  • settling to exert political, social, and economic control
• Early Colonialism:

  religion{god}, money{gold}, monacharcy{glory}religious influences by spreading their form of christianity economic wealth from exploiting land, labor and capital to enrich the home country

  • Religious influence by spreading their form of christianity
  • economic wealth from exploiting land, labor and capital to enrich the home country
  • political power by expanding their influences throughout the world
  • spain, portugal, britain, and france
  • focused on the americas
• Late Colonialism

  • Britain France, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany Italy

  Focused on Africa and the Middle East Why? Competition to claim resources because all of Spanish and Portuguese Colonies

  Allowed European countries for a second wave of colonialization

  Defined by the Berlin Conference-- ENded by UN in 1945
• Berlin/Congo Conference, 1884

  when Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy were forming of state boundaries in africa

  allowing for the extraction of resources

  AFRICA WASN'T THERE

  Created LOTS of political conflicts with the dozens of ethnic groups

  the straight lines show- the people that live there did NOT decide where the lines will go
• Decolonization

  through the early 1900's many colonists resisted european influence after creation of un in 1945 full of independence [the process of state leaving former colony and leaving the state for independence]large substantial powers indirectly controlling the colonies most of the world is politically independent but not economically

  the process by which a colony becomes independent of the colonizing country
• Neocolonialism

  control over developing countries through indirect means

  exerting economic and political influence countries in a process known as neocolonialism

  use of political cultural of economic power to influence or control other countries
• Genocide organized killing targeting people of a certain ethnic group why?

  • decolonization left manty new states weak
  • exploited for economic purposes
  • multiple nations complete for power
  • civil war breaks out
  • leads to genocide
  • Ex:
  • African ethnic conflicts because of the Berlin Conference
  • Rwandan Civil War
  • between Hutu's and tutsi
  • over a million people killed
  • led to mass genocide
• Cold War: no direct army conflict

  Period of political rivalry between US and the USSR

  cold no direct army conflict, but deadliest war

  from 1945-1991 Post WW2

  • fought through proxy wars in the 3rd world
  • Proxy wars: america persuades for capitalists gives guns fights, soviet union become a communist country
  • frontline in eastern europe
  • USSR satellite states sought independence
  • many countries lost nationality and became a part of the soviet union
  • fall of USSR left many states in turmoil
  • EX: yogo slavia had many states which split up because different nationalities
• Satellite State

  Starting during the cold war

  USSR- sought independence- country formally independent in the world but under heavy, political, economic and military influence from another country
• Ethnic Cleansing

  forced removal of an ethnic group from a territory

  break the satellite states over the soviet union fell

  {balkanization}

  ethnic cleansing is the step before genocide
• Natural Boundary

  boundaries based on physical features

  river : = halfs

  l : l

  l : l

  l : l

  l : l

  l : l

  l : l

  l : l
• Geometric boundaries

  straight line boundaries drawn regardlessly of physical features

  clearly man made therefore straight line

  can tell an outside influence based on natural or geometric boundary
• Geopolitics

  study of effect of geography on politics

  • trade
  • resource management
  • environment
• Territoriality

  willingness of a people to defend a space they claim

  people express their territoriality when they influence others or shape events by asserting control over a space

  Ex

  Local scales: towns and cities lay claim to municipal districts

  National Scales: states administer and defend theirs boundaries, (those that lie adjacent to neighboring countries)
• Choke Points places of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction

  Water based choke points are most significant

  Examples:

  Panama Canal

  Strait of Gibraltar

  Cape of Good Hope

  Bosporus Strait

  Suez Canal

  Bab el Moheb(Red Sea)

  Strait of Hormoz

  Strait of Malacca(South China Sea)
• Defined Boundary

  established by a legal document like a treaty
• Delimited boundaries

  a line drawn on a map to show the limits of space typically based on a defined boundary
• Demarcated boundary

  identified by physical object placed on the landscape like signs or feces

  on the land the built environment reflects the landscape

  "welcome to maryland" on the side of the road
• Definitional/ Positional Boundary

  a type of boundary dispute: defining a boundary or the way it is shown on the ground

  Ex:

  Inaccurate maps of the Andes have created a dispute over the border between argentina and chile

  (Problems with using mountain ranges)
• Locationalism/ Territorial Boundary

  a type of a boundary dispute:

  conflicts between states or regions over the ownership of a given area

  Ex:

  Dispute over the ownership of rhineland led to conflict between Germany and France
• Operational/Functional Boundary

  a type of boundary dispute:

  conflicts over the national policies applied at a border

  fights how the border operates

  things can flow through that boundary

  ex:

  • Us --> Mexico boundary
  • North and SOuth Korea
  • Visa requirement at the US - Canada border after 9/11
• Allocational/ Resource boundary

  conflicts over the use of resources created or complicated by a boundary

  (oil taking from opposite)

  Iraq- Kuwait conflict over access top the Rumaila oil field
• Irredentism

  when a state seeks to annex territory because parts of its population lives there

  Examples- Germans in WWII claiming polish territory because ethnically German people lived on the Polish side

  Germany= Germans

  Poland= Germans as well
• Antecedent Boundary

  a boundary drawn before a large population was present

  least common

  boundary drawn --> then people move in

  • unless no human population
  • not possible nowadays

  ex:

  boundary between the united states and canada along the 49th parallel

  Sacagawea

  • lewis
  • clark
• Subsequent/ ethnographic boundary

  a boundary drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences not a lot of conflict that happens

  Africa(with the berlin conference)- is NOT a Subsequent/ ethnographic boundary

  ex:

  the boundary between northern ireland( part of the united kingdom) and the republic of ireland
• Relic boundary

  a boundary that no longer exists but evidence of it still exists on the landscape

  ex:

  the boundary between east and west germany and Berlin (states that are now combined)

  East and West have visible differences(architecture)
• super imposed boundary

  a boundary drawn by outside powers

  • geometric
  • problematic

  not being drawn by people living there

  ex: berlin conference

  the boundary between mali and mauritania

  (very common throughout asia and southwest asia)