introduction to criminology

• Alienist: A specialist in the study of mental disorders.
• Anthropology: Science devoted to the study of mankind and its development in relation to its physical, mental, and cultural history.
• Auto-phobia: A morbid fear of one's self or of being alone.
• Behavior Systems In Crime: Progress in the explanation of disease is being made personally by the studies of specific diseases.
• Broader Social Group: School, The Church, The Police, The Government, The Prosecution, The Court, Correctional Institutions.
• Broken Home: The modification of home conditions by death, divorce or desertion has generally been believed to be an important reason for delinquency of the children.
• Cesare Beccaria: In his book “An Essay Of Crimes And Punishment” London 1767, advocated and applied the doctrine of penology that is to make punishment less arbitrary and severe than it had been; That all persons who violated a specific law should receive identical punishment regardless of age, sanity, wealth, position or circumstances.
• Cesare Lombroso: A medical doctor who made extensive research in physical characteristics of criminals, political crimes and revolutions and relationships between the criminal and anthropology.
• Charles Goring: An English statistician who studies the case histories of 2000 convicts.
• Colajani: A criminologist, describes the direct and indirect deficiency of the means to satisfy the numerous necessities of man is sufficient stimulus for him to adopt honest or criminal methods in the struggle that ensues.
• Competitive Development Of Techniques Of Crime And Of The Protection Against Crime: Both sides may appropriate the inventions of modern science so far as they are useful to them.
• Cretinism: A disease associated with pre-natal thyroid deficiency and subsequent thyroid inactivity, marked by physical deformities, arrested development, goiter and various forms of mental retardation including imbecility.
• Crime Index: Any record of crimes such as crimes known to the police, arrest, conviction or commitments to prisons.
• Crime Statistics: A reported instance of a crime recorded in a systematic classification.
• Endomorphs are more heavily built and move slowly and their body shape is soft and round.
• Somatotypes include physical characteristics such as body shape and size, and emotional characteristics such as relaxed, extroverted and relatively non-criminal for endomorphs, aggressive and likely to commit violent crime and crimes requiring strength and speed for mesomorphs, and introvert and overly sensitive for ectomorphs.
• Somatotypes, or basic body types, are usually characterized by physical and personality characteristics.
• Ectomorphs have small skeletons and weak muscles and their body shape is fragile and thin.
• Xenophobia can be defined as undue or excessive fear, hatred or dislike of strangers or foreigners, usually new migrants.
• Environmental influences will also determine the severity of the predisposition reaction.
• Personality can be defined as a unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern including emotions and thoughts that distinguish one person from another.
• Genetic perspective focuses on the physical and biological factors, intelligence, personality and temperament as well as mental and physiological disorders.
• Intelligence is a risk indicator of criminal causation.
• Hereditary predisposition are an indicator of the genetic differences between individuals which determine, for example, physical traits (looks, height and race), personality (introvert versus extrovert) and life outcomes (predisposition to alcoholism and crime).
• Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that code for proteins and act as the blueprint or map that determines all aspects of human development.
• Risk factors imply that some children and juveniles are more prone to misbehaviour than others due to certain individual, social and environmental factors.
• Hate crimes, also known as biased-motivated crimes, are crimes committed against people because of their membership of certain groups or categories, such as race, ethnic background, nationality, political affiliation, religion, gender and sexual orientation.
• Mesomorphs have well-developed muscles and athletic in appearance.
• Criminogenic risk factors are those factors closely linked or associated with criminal activities, such as delinquency, offending and crime.
• Criminality In The Home: One of the most obvious elements in the delinquency of some children is the criminalistic behavior of other members of the child's family.
• Criminal law is a branch of public law that covers the definition of crime, criminal behaviour, rules and regulations on crime prevention and punishment of criminals.
• Victimology is the study of victims of crime.
• Three aspects of Sutherland’s definition of criminology are sometimes referred to as the study of law making, law breaking and reactions to law breaking.
• The term “criminology” is derived from the Latin term crimen meaning “crime” and “logo” meaning “study” or “knowledge”.
• Criminal and deviant behaviour systems are risk assessment strategies that examine the patterns of criminal behaviour.
• The term “criminology” was first used in the nineteenth century by the French sociologist called Toppinard.
• Criminologists study crime from two view points: the Juridical (legal) aspect and the non-juridical (social) aspect.
• Before an act or omission may be defined as a crime, criminal law must regard it as such and a suitable punishment must be in place.
• The role of a criminologist is to study, define, describe, explain and formulate policy directives in respect of crime, criminal behaviour and victimization.
• Criminology is an interdisciplinary science that gathers and analyses data on various aspects of criminal, delinquent and general anti-social behaviour.