unit 2.4-2.8 organic chemistry

• what is nomenculture

  • organic naming
  • alkanes are the main family of compounds used as parent molecules
• alkanes

  1. methane
  2. ethane
  3. propane
  4. butane
  5. pentane
  6. hexane
  7. heptane
  8. octane
  9. nonane
  10. decane
• saturated hydrocarbon

  single bonds only
• unsaturated hydrocarbons

  multiple carbon- carbon bonds
• aliphatic hydrocarbon

  joined together in a straight or branched chain
• alicyclic (aromatic) hydrocarbon

  carbon atoms in a ring structure
• structural isomer

  same formula, different structure
• alkane

  • suffix- ane
  • functional group $C-C$
  • example, methane, propane or 2-methyl butane
• alkene

  • suffix -ene
  • functional group $C=$$C$
  • example- but-2-ene, propene
• halogeno alkane

  • prefix- fluoro-, chloro-, bromo- and iodo-
  • suffix -ane
  • functional group $C-X$ (X is a halogen)
  • example- bromoethane, 2,4-dichloro hexane
• alcohol

  • suffix -ol
  • functional group $R-OH$
  • example- propan-2-ol, butan-2-ol and hexan-3-ol
• alkyl

  • prefix -methyl, ethyl
  • functional group R-CH3, R-C2H5
  • example- 2-methyl propane
• aldehyde

  • suffix -al
  • functional group $=$$O$ and $-H$
  • example- ethanal
• ketone

  • suffix -one
  • functional group R-C-R $=$$O$bonded to carbon
  • example- propanone
• carboxylic acid

  • suffix -oic acid
  • functional group $=$$O$ and $-OH$
  • example- ethanoic acid
• amine

  • prefix amino-
  • suffix -amine
  • functional group $-NH2$
  • example- ethamine or 2-amino propanoic acid
• nitrile

  • suffix -nitrile
  • functional group $\equiv N$
  • example- propane nitrile
• ester

  • suffix -oate
  • functional group $=$$O$ and an O bond within the chain of carbons
  • example- ethyl ethanoate
• whats display formula

  every bond is shown
• strengths of parents

  carboxylic$>$aldehyde/ketone$>$alcohol$>$alkene$>$halogeno alkane
• how can alkanes be produced

  fractional distillation of crude oil (different boiling points)
• how are boiling points determined

  by the length of the carbon chain
• longer carbon chain

  more van der waals
• straight vs branched chain

  straight chain isomers have higher boiling points than branched (more points of contact)
• catalytic cracking

  whenever you crack an alkane you make an alkane and an alkene
• radical

  a species with an unpaired electron
• radical chain substitution stages

  • initiation
  • propagation
  • termination
• initiation

  • react with UV rays
  • makes 2 radicals
  • breaking the bond is homolytic bond fission
• propagation

  • chlorine radical reacts with methane
  • chlorine takes a hydrogen
  • starting material goes back in
• termination

  • getting 2 radicals and reacting them together
• alkenes

  have a carbon-carbon double bond which increases reactivity they are described as unsaturated and carry out addition reactions
• sigma bond

  s orbitals $\sigma$
• pi bond

  p orbitals $\pi$
• types of species

  • radicals= $Cl^.$
  • electrophiles= positively charged species (electron loving)
  • nucleophiles= negatively charged species (nucleus loving)
• electrophiles react with alkenes
• alkene reaction

  undergo electrophilic addition due to $\pi$ electrons inducing dipoles or interacting with polar molecules
• markovnikoff rule

  rich get richer secondary carbocation is more stable than a primary one
• heterolytic bond fission

  electron pairs move
• what is hydrogenation

  • use a catalyst of nickle at 150 degrees
  • processes is used to hydrogenate unsaturated fats to make a solid at room temperature e.g. margarine
• what is hydration

  • steam and phosphoric acid catalyst
  • high temperature and pressure