Section A

• Brownfield Land is land that has been previously built on, the buildings may still be standing or demolished.
• Dereliction is when buildings are left unused or unoccupied.
• Ethnic Minorities are groups of people that make up a small proportion of the total population.
• Greenfield Land is land that hasn’t been built on before, often used for farming or left naturally.
• Hate Crime is a crime or vandalism that is motivated by a person’s ethnicity or religion.
• Informal Work is self-employed or temporary work, which provides a small wage and limited health regulations.
• Integrated Transport is a system that links different types of transportation to give commuters access to the whole city.
• International Migration is the movement of people between countries, for work or long term residence.
• Lower Income Country (LIC) is a country of low wealth and a limited level of development.
• Megacity is a city with a population greater than 10 million people.
• Middle Income Country (MIC) is a country of sufficient wealth and a good level of development.
• Multicultural City is a city that shares and encourages many different cultures and religions, besides the national culture.
• Net Migration is the total number of people entering minus the number of people leaving a country.
• Population Density is the amount of people per square area of land, it’s a measure of how squashed together or spread out a population is.
• Pull Factors are reasons why a person may feel attracted towards living in the city.
• Rural-Urban Migration is when individuals move their homes from a rural area to the urban city, for work opportunities or a better quality of life.
• Remittance is when a family member living in a different country can send money back to their country of origin to support their family substantially.
• Squatter Settlements are clusters of temporary housing which migrants or low income families live in, often built on unfavourable land.
• Urban Greening is growing more vegetation and trees in the centre of a city, for example growing plants on office rooftops or mini allotments on pavements.
• Respiratory Conditions are illnesses that affect your breathing, for example asthma or lung disease.
• Regeneration is when a city tries to change its appearance or reputation through new building constructions.
• Push Factors are reasons why a person may feel they need to move away from a rural area.
• Quality of Life refers to the environment and community a person is part of, as well as their health and access to essentials.
• Sustainability is a city which has minimal environmental damage and social inequality, whilst conserving resources for the future.
• Segregation is the exclusion and isolation of a particular group of people.
• Urban Sprawl is the process of a city growing and spreading out, taking over surrounding greenfield land.
• Social Inequality is the difference in quality of life between the highest income family and lowest income household.
• Skilled Migrants are migrants who have trained for a particular profession, for example doctors or teachers.
• Unskilled Migrants are migrants who haven’t been trained or educated for a high-skill profession, for example farmers or shop workers.
• Scholarships are paid places in schools or businesses for people from low income families.
• 90% of the UK’s population live in an urban town and city.
• Sustainability in a city means it has minimal environmental damage and social inequality, while conserving resources for the future, such as clean water and energy sources.
• Sustainable Cities aim to have more environmentally friendly developments.
• Despite urban land accounting for 7% of the UK’s total land mass, the population density in UK cities is very concentrated due to the large number of people living or working in these areas.
• The UK’s urban population is distributed fairly evenly across the country, with England having an even spread of cities in the North and South, Wales having cities on the North and South coast, but none inland, Northern Ireland having small cities predominantly in the East and near the coast, and Scotland’s major cities being found in the South of the country due to the mountainous nature of the North.
• Important trading points in the UK have developed into major cities, such as Liverpool, Bristol, Cardiff.
• London is unproportionally important to the UK as it is the capital city and home to 8.7 million residents.
• Rural-urban migration and international migration may increase populations in the cities, as well as net migration, which is the number of people moving into the cities minus the number of people moving out of the cities.
• Rural workers migrate into the city for better work opportunities, as rural work is predominantly farming or seasonal tourism, which are hard work and poorly paid.
• International working migrants migrate into the city to fill gaps in employment for skilled roles, such as in the NHS, and to send money back home to provide for their families.