Section B

• Brandt Line is a line that divides developed and developing countries on the world map.
• Capitalism is an economic and political system where trade and other sectors of the economy such as manufacturing are run by private companies for profit.
• Colonialism is the act of getting control over another country, this involves occupying their land and results in exploitation of people and the country’s resources.
• Communism is a system which believes that the population should be classless and equal financially.
• Corruption is governments that are dishonest or steal money to remain in power or for financial gain.
• Demographic Transition Model is a model which describes how the population, birth and death rates as a country develops.
• Economic Inequality is the difference in wealth between the richest 10% of a country’s population and the poorest 10%.
• Frank’s Dependency Model describes neo-colonialism and how a country can gain control over a neo-colony through exploitation and economic dependency.
• GNI per capita is the total amount of money earned by individuals or businesses, divided by the population.
• Governance is the management of a place or group of people.
• Human Development Index is a measure of several indicators including life expectancy, inequality and education.
• Immigration is the movement of people from their home country to a new country of residence.
• Indicator is a way of measuring development, which focuses on the social, economic or environmental development.
• Infant Mortality Rate is the ratio of children under 5 years old that die compared to the total number of births.
• Life Expectancy is the average number of years an individual is likely to live, determined at birth.
• Literacy Rate is the percentage of the population that can read and write.
• Lower Income Country (LIC) is a country of low wealth and a limited level of development.
• Middle Income Country (MIC) is a country of sufficient wealth and a good level of development.
• Non-Government Organisation (NGO) is a company or organisation that operates separate from the government, but doesn’t aim to make a profit (e.g charities, universities).
• Pollution Levels are the volume of pollution in the air or water.
• Quality of Life is the standard of living of a person or a community.
• Respiratory Conditions are illnesses that affect your breathing, for example asthma or lung disease.
• Social Inequality is the difference in quality of life between the highest income family and lowest income household.
• Squatter Settlements are clusters of temporary housing which migrants or low income families typically live in, often built on unfavourable land.
• Development is the idea of what 21st Century life should consist of, including essentials like access to clean water and electricity, and access to services and opportunities.
• Development can be measured in different ways using indicators, depending on how you view development.
• Economic indicators include GNI per capita, which is the total amount of money earned by people and businesses within a country, divided by the population to find an average earning per person.
• Poverty Line is the number of people earning less than $1.90 per day, with 0.2% of the population in the UK earning less than $1.90 per day, compared to over 70% of the population in Zimbabwe, South Sudan and Madagascar earning less than $1.90 per day.
• Social indicators include Life Expectancy, which is an estimate of how long a person will live, made when they’re born, based on predicted advances, current services and the risk of diseases.
• Literacy Rate is a quality of education which correlates to economic output, with a well-educated workforce tending to earn higher wages.
• Infant Mortality Rate is a quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children, as infants are some of the most vulnerable people of society, more likely to catch disease and infection or suffer from malnutrition.
• Environmental Indicators include Pollution Levels, which show how wasteful a country is and whether a country has developed its technology to become more efficient and less polluting.
• Area of Woodland/ Green Space is the proportion of woodland lost or gained, which can reflect the government’s attitude to the environment.
• Climate can impact whether farmers can grow crops, as the weather and seasons are closely linked with agriculture.
• Historically Disadvantaged Countries are those that have been ruled in the past by another country and have smaller economies than the ruling country due to the British Empire.
• Countries with temperate climates (moderate levels of rain) tend to grow crops very well, so food can be exported and sold.
• Governments have different aims and styles of leadership that can affect the growth of the economy and the lifestyle of its people.
• Countries with regular rainfall tend to suffer less from water-borne diseases, which is good for the people’s health.
• If more rain falls than the population needs, a country could store and sell the excess water to a neighbouring country.
• Some crops are suited to wetter or hotter climates, for example, olives are grown best in Mediterranean climates.