Cereals

• What are common uses of wheat?

  Wheat flour, pasta, bread, cakes
• What products are made from barley?

  Vinegar, beer, pearl barley
• What are common uses of rye?

  Rye bread, Ryvita, rye beer
• What products are made from rice?

  Rice cakes, rice noodles, rice milk
• What are common uses of maize (corn)?

  Popcorn, corn chips, corn flour
• What products are made from oats?

  Flapjack, porridge, oat milk
• What are other cereal grains besides wheat, barley, rye, rice, maize, and oats?

  • Sorghum
  • Quinoa
  • Millet
• What is the nutritional composition of white rice?

  90% carbohydrate, 8% protein, 2% fat
• How does brown rice differ nutritionally from white rice?

  Brown rice has more fiber and minerals
• What deficiency disease is caused by a lack of Vitamin B1?

  Beri beri
• What is the primary nutritional value of wheat?

  Good source of starchy carbohydrate and protein
• What does the bran layer of wheat provide?

  Dietary fiber in the form of NSP
• What vitamins and minerals are added to flour sold in the UK?

  Calcium, iron, and B vitamins
• Why is rice considered a staple food?

  It is widely consumed by many cultures
• How is rice categorized?

  Into long or short grain
• What is long grain rice known for?

  Long thin grain, popular in cooking
• What is brown long grain rice known for?

  Nutty flavor and nutritional completeness
• What is basmati rice used for?

  Indian cuisine
• What characterizes short grain rice?

  Plump grain that absorbs water easily
• What is Arborio rice used for?

  Making risotto
• What is pudding rice used for?

  Used in desserts for creamy finish
• What should a coeliac base their meals on?

  • Rice
  • Potatoes
  • Gluten-free products
  • Oats
• What is coeliac disease?

  An autoimmune condition affecting nutrient absorption
• How does coeliac disease affect the immune system?

  It mistakenly attacks healthy tissue
• What does gluten trigger in coeliac disease?

  Immune system attacks substances in gluten
• What are common symptoms of coeliac disease?

  Fatigue, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting
• What are the functions of ingredients in bread making?

  • Flour: Adds bulk, structure, nutrition
  • Liquid: Moisture for yeast growth
  • Yeast: Produces CO2 for rise
  • Salt: Improves taste, controls yeast
  • Fat: Enhances texture, color, flavor
• What is pasta a staple food of?

  Italy
• What nutrients does pasta provide?

  Starchy carbohydrates, protein, B vitamins
• Why is whole wheat pasta beneficial?

  It provides dietary fiber
• Why is pasta unsuitable for coeliacs?

  It contains wheat flour
• What type of wheat is used to make pasta?

  Durum wheat
• What is '00 flour'?

  Pasta flour with higher protein content
• How does fresh pasta differ from dried pasta?

  Fresh cooks quicker but has shorter shelf life
• What can be added to pasta dough for flavor?

  Fresh herbs, spinach, tomato puree
• What are the stages of bread making?

  1. Mixing: Combine ingredients
  2. Kneading: Hydrate proteins, form gluten
  3. Proving: Fermentation and CO2 production
  4. Knocking back: Remove large bubbles
  5. Shaping: Shape the dough
  6. Proving: Further rise
  7. Baking: Heat causes CO2 production and structure formation
• What is a cereal?

  An edible grass
• What are staple foods?

  Foods that form a large part of the diet
• What is whole grain?

  100% of the grain, nothing removed
• What is primary processing?

  Conversion of raw materials into food commodities