Gender

• Female achievement in the past - Fewer qualifications, sexism in education, denied education, discrimination
• External factors - 1976 sharpe's interview concluded that working class girl's futures were based around men
• Internal factors - 1972 Lobbon study suggests gender stereotypes were reinforced into young girls through traditional positions in books
• External factors on achievement - Sharpe's study found that feminism had affected women's aspirations and found them to be more career driven, large increase in divorce and single parent families, 1970 equal pay act.
• Internal factors on achievement - National curriculum allows girls to study the same subjects, majority of teachers in primary schools are female , introduction of GCSEs and coursework.
• Evaluation weaknesses of achievement - Rad fems suggest there is stilll patriarchy in schools, archer suggests w/c girls adopt a hyper-heterosexual feminine identity, w/c girls stayed at home despite success to prevent debt.
• Feminist views - Liberal believe patriarchy is removed because of equal opportunity programs and results, Radical fems believe education reproduces patriarchy and transmits ideas that promote subordination.
• Gender identity - rad fems beleieve that there is a gender hierarchy that school promotes at the expense of feminine and gay identities.
• Hegemonic masculinity - A 'real man' image of masculinity. For example, aggression, competition, breadwinning and successful heterosexual.
• emphasized femininity - forms of exaggerated femininity to accommodate to desires and interests of men
• Gender identity studies - Rugrose suggests w/c girls have two identities one being ideal feminine and one being over-sexualised. Currie suggests having a boyfriend gives status but if a girl over-competes then she is slutshamed.
• Futhermore gender identity - Teachers ignored boys when they verbally abused girls , the male gaze suggests men see girls as sexual objects, when boys have a lot of sex they are praised but it is the opposite for girls.
• External factors of male underachievement - Boys are read to less than girls are, boys hobbies are typically sports and gaming, traditional manufacturing jobs have decreased massively.
• Internal factors of male underachievement - the idea that education is no longer masculine, the lack of male role models , working in school is seen as not masculine, forming of anti-school subcultures.