Urban issues and challenges : Definitions - Aqa Geo

• Brownfield site is a derelict land that has been used and abandoned, commonly found across urban areas, particularly in the inner city.
• Greenfield site is a plot of land that has not yet been used for any building development, often in a rural or on the edge of an urban area.
• Economic opportunities are chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment.
• Dereliction refers to abandoned buildings and wasteland.
• Inequalities are differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in people's wellbeing and access to things like jobs, housing and education.
• Inequalities may occur in housing provision, access to services, access to jobs & opportunities, access to open land, safety & security.
• Integrated transport systems are when different transport methods connect together, making journeys smoother, making public transport more appealing.
• Mega-cities are urban areas (cities) with a population greater than 10 million people, such as Tokyo and New York.
• Migration is when people move from one area to another with the intention of settling there.
• Natural increase is the growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate (minus).
• Pollution is the presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have harmful or poisonous effects on an environment.
• Rural-urban fringe is a transition zone between the built-up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use.
• Sanitation measures designed to protect public health, including provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste.
• Social deprivation is the degree to which an individual or an area/community is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment.
• Social opportunities are chances for people to improve their quality of life, such as access to education and health care.
• Squatter settlement is an area of poor-quality housing lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewerage and electricity, which often develops spontaneously and illegally in an LIC city on land which is not owned by the occupants.