Heat

• Heat (internal energy) is the total kinetic and potential energy of the particles and substance. Measured in Joules (J)
• Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. Measured in celsius or kelvin.
• Celsius to Kelvin +273
• Kelvin to Celsius -273
• The particle theory of matter states that all matter is made of particles and these particles are always moving.
• The higher the temp, the faster the particles are moving.
• The distance between particles for solids are packed tightly and are in a fixed pattern.
• The distance between particles for liquids allows for movement between particles and there is no fixed pattern.
• The distance of gas particles are spaced far apart.
• Solid particles are gently vibrating
• Liquid particles are moving, and slide pass each other.
• Gas particles move about very quickly.
• Solid particle forces between each other are strong.
• Liquid particle forces are weaker
• Gas particle forces are very week, and cannot overcome their rapid movement.
• Heat, Ek, Movement, Arrangement, Strength, Space (HEMASS)
• Heat, Ek, Movement, Arrangement, Strength, Space,i, Volume,e (HEMASSiVe)
• Conduction is a term used to describe the flow of heat through an object.
• As heat energy flows, the particles themselves do not change position. This is most easily explained by considering a small metal rod.
• Particles in a solid object vibrate in a fixed position. When the heating process begins, the particles closest to the heat source gain kinetic energy and vibrate more vigorously. These more energetic particles collide with unheated particles, passing some of their kinetic energy on and causing those particles to also start vibrating more vigorously.
• The process of particles colliding continues along the metal rod. In this way, the heat energy is transferred from the hot end of the rod to the cold end, until the entire rod is not.
• Conduction can only occur in a solid
• Thermal conductors move heat energy easily
• Thermal conductors are typically metals
• Metals have delocalised electrons that allow for easy movement of heat energy.
• Thermal insulator are objects resist conduction of heat.
• Thermal insulator are typically non-metals (wood, plastic, air).
• Non-metals fo not have delocalised electrons
• Conviction only occurs in fluids (liquid, gas)
• The density differences allow heat to transfer in liquids and gas.
• Common occurrences are convection currents
• The particles in the region of the fluid closest to the heat source GAIN kinetic energy, moving faster and further apart, making it LESS DENSE.
• The less-dense regions of fluid will rise up to the top, COOL DOWN and become MORE DENSE, then drop down to the bottom.
• The conduction model answer order

  1. Position and movement of particles in the solid metal
  2. Particles closest to the heat source
  3. Heat energy (transferred)
  4. Kinetic energy (transformed)
  5. Excited heated particles vs non excited unheated particles
  6. HEAT whole entire metal solid
• Convection answer order

  1. Heat energy
  2. Where?
  3. Kinetic energy (transform)
  4. Faster, and further apart
  5. Less dense
  6. rise up
  7. cool down
  8. more dense
  9. conviction current
  10. Temp
• Conviction: Onshore breeze during the day 


  During the day the land absorbs solar radiation and heats up. The air above the land also experiences a temperature increase. This causes the air to become less dense and rise. It then moves out across the sea, where it cools, becomes more dense and falls. This cooler air is now pushed onshore (an onshore breeze) to replace that it that is rising up from the land.
• Conviction: Offshore breeze during the night 


  During the night that air above the land cools down. This cool air becomes denser and sinks. The air above the sea is warmer and less dense so it rises. Upon rising it cools and moves across the land to replace the air that has sunk. The cool air is pushed offshore (an offshore breeze) to replace the warmer air that is rising up from the sea.
• Radiation can transfer heat energy without involving particles of matter.
• Radiation heat energy can travel through a vacumn (space) .
• The most common example is heat transfer method radiation is the sun..