Biodiversity

• Biodiversity refers to the different types of organisms found in an area, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.
• Taxonomy is the science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms, including identification, classification, and nomenclature.
• Felis catus is a biological classification based on the taxon, also known as the taxonomic hierarchy, where organisms are grouped based on similarities.
• The binomial system of naming a species is a system where every organism is given a scientific name, with the first part being the genus (generic name) and the second part being the species (specific name).
• Carl Woese proposed a hierarchical classification method to group and categorize organisms by biological characteristic into taxonomic groups.
• The three domains of prokaryotes are Bacteria (E. coli) and Archaea (Sulfolobus sp.).
• Bacteria can have different cell shapes including coccus, bacillus, spirillum, and vibrio.
• Gram-stain results can be positive (Gram-positive) or negative (Gram-negative).
• Bacteria play roles in recycling chemical elements in ecosystems such as nitrogen fixation (Rhizobium sp.), symbiotic relationships (E. coli in human intestine), and pathogenic roles (Salmonella sp.).
• The gametophyte in Pteridophytes, often a megasporangium, protects the embryo.
• Pteridophytes have simple, lignified vascular tissues, with the sporophyte having a waterproof cuticle and stomata that allow gaseous exchange and transpiration.
• Pteridophytes are most common in a damp environment and have a larger size compared to bryophytes.
• Ferns are seedless plants with the sporophyte having true roots, stems and leaves.
• Fertilization in Pteridophytes is fully dependent on a watery medium.
• Most Pteridophytes are homosporous, producing one type of spore, while some are heterosporous, producing two types of spores.
• Ferns are a type of Pteridophytes.
• Fern gametophytes are tiny structures that often grow on or just below the soil surface.
• The dominant generation in Pteridophytes is the sporophyte.
• Sporangium is a multicellular organ that produces spores in Pteridophytes.
• The gametophyte in Pteridophytes is smaller than the sporophyte.
• Prokaryotes are unique in that they are unicellular and most primitive, with diameters in the range of 0.5 - 5.0 μm, have single circular DNA, and their DNA is not associated with histone protein.
• Eumetazoa, or true tissue, is the highest level of organization in animals.
• Parazoa is the level of organization below Eumetazoa, also known as true tissue.
• Asymmetric body symmetry is found in Parazoa.
• Parazoa does not have a body cavity.
• Pseudocoelomates are a type of body cavity in Parazoa.
• Parazoa does not have body segmentation.
• Parazoa and Eumetazoa both lack germ layers.
• Coelomates are a type of body cavity in Parazoa.
• Protostome is a pattern of development in Parazoa.
• Deuterostome is a pattern of development in Parazoa.
• Parazoa does not have a specific pattern of development.
• Diploblastic is a type of body organization with no germ layers.
• Radial symmetry is found in Parazoa.
• Metamorphic segmentation is a type of body segmentation in Parazoa.
• Bilateral symmetry is found in Parazoa.
• Triploblastic is a type of body organization with three germ layers.
• Archaea have cell walls that are different from Bacteria, associate histone to DNA, and their membrane lipids have a different structure.
• Sporangia on sporophyll are grouped together forming strobilus.
• Gametophyte body lacks chlorophyll.