warfare 1500-1700

• Armies still included, cavalry, infantry and artillery
• most generals prefered twice as many infantry than cavalry
• Change was GRADUAL and did not occur until it was most needed
• What was the role of the cavalry? (how did it change)
• what was the role of the cavalry, (how did it change)?

  it continued its specialist role but was no longer the decive force on the battlefield. Harassed enemy and Dragoons (mounted infantry) took on the role at Naseby until 1700.
• What was the role of the infantry?

  the infantry became dominant as a result of new weapons such as muskets. this meant that new tactics were being evolved. Infantry men were divided into two key parts the musketeers and the armoured pikemen
• what were the musketeers?

  gradually replaced the long bow men and they were incharge of their matchlock muskets
• What did the armoured pikemen do?

  usually fought in disciplined squares or columns
• What musket was used before 1610?

  matchlock musket
• what type of musket was used after 1610?

  flintlock musket
• Gunpowder weapons became dominant on the battle field as guns started to replace traditional weapons such as longbows and cross bows.
• Gunpowder and cannons were centuries old However, because of developments in science and technology it allowed guns to be produced that were more reliable and powerful.
• What were the advantages of the matchlock musket?

  fire range = 100m which could penetrate plate armour, Basic training of only two weeks compared to the two years of longbow training
• what were the disadvantages of muskets?

  not as accurate and had a much slower rate of fire than the longbow. It was also hard to keep smouldering the chord alight during damp weather. This was a prolonged process (with cleaning the barrels had to be regualrly cleaned out with gun powder) for only one effective shot.
• How were flintlock muskets different?

  Flintlock muskets were different from earlier firearms because they used a flint to create a spark and ignite the gunpowder, rather than a match or wheellock mechanism. meaning that a match is not necessary. This meat that they were quicker, less dangerous and slightly more reliable.
• What did the disadvantages of weapons mean for the change in this period?


  it was gradual, it also meant that traditional weapons wee not Immediatley replaced as pikes were still very important.
• what was a pistol?

  A handheld firearm. that was lighter and could be used by the cavalry
• how had cannons changed?

  they were smaller and lighter meaning that they could be maneuvered more effectivly
• what were still some disadvantages of the cannon?

  still had limited rage and accuracy
• what were bayonets?

  A type of stabbing weapon attached to the end of a rifle.
• What was a tactical change from the middle ages?

  cavalry on flanks, infantry in squares
• what was the Dutch countermarch?

  in squares of 6 rows where the front row fires then marches to the back of the line is continued like that
• when was the dutch counter march devloped?

  1590 by prince maurice of Nassau from the neverlands
• What was the sweedish salvo?

  deployed musket squares 6 rows deep, the first row would kneel down and the second above them and the third standing where they all fire to create a more effective success rate from the shot
• when was the Sweedish Salvo estabolished?

  1620s
• from 1485 the Tudors initiated the milita system
• what was the milita system?

  A system in which citizens are trained and organized for military service. They were required to bring their own weapons and train when needed, for the ages of 16-60
• lords lieutenant controlled their local army through commissioners of array
• fines were given out with refusal to comply
• if monarch wanted big army they could muster from militia system
• Continuity was such that recruitment relied on untrained volunteers and the army was not prepared for war as the training was not effective
• When did change become apparent in this period?

  1640s because of the english civil war
• what was conscription?

  forcing people to fight so that they had bigger armies. This led to unreliability snd desertations
• How did training change?

  new weapons and tactics meant that discipline was needed for it to be effective. Drill training was emphasised and was strictly enforced
• What did the new model army mean?

  The New Model Army was the professional army created by the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. It meant that soliders were paid a reasonable wage to fight (24 pense cavalry + 8 pence infantry)
• What was the impact on civilians?

  taxes increased, adding to the burdens of the public. Biliting had increased, requisiion of hoses and supplies still occurred. The destruction of civilian homes and crops Along with plunder. Seiges caused even more damage to civilian property.
• What did sieges lead to?

  diseases and starvation
• how many people died across the civil war?

  180000 which was 3.6% of the population
• The civil war was more damaging and devastating that WW1, due to the proportion of the population of that time, meaning that the impact of civilats worsened.