Cultural deprivation

• What do many sociologists argue about modernisation and religion?

  Modernisation weakens religion through rational thought.
• How can religion remain strong in the context of globalisation?

  By adapting and serving new social roles.
• What are the two key ways religion interacts with development?

  • Supports economic success (e.g., Hinduism in India)
  • Acts as cultural defence (e.g., Poland, Iran)
• Who argues that religion can resist globalisation?

  Bruce (2002)
• What does Bruce argue about religion and cultural identity?

  Religion defends national, ethnic, or cultural identity.
• When does cultural defence occur according to Bruce?

  When a community feels threatened by external forces.
• How did Catholicism function in Poland under communism?

  It united the nation against Soviet oppression.
• What role did the Catholic Church play in Poland's resistance?

  Provided moral and financial support to protests.
• What does Bruce suggest about the decline of church attendance in Poland?

  It indicates religion's political role, not spiritual.
• What was the situation in Iran before the 1979 Islamic Revolution?

  The Shah aggressively modernised the country.
• How did Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution change Iran?

  It turned Iran into an Islamic state.
• Why was Islam powerful as a cultural defence in Iran?

  It resisted Westernisation and protected traditional values.
• What does Bruce argue about Islam's strength in Iran?

  It was a tool for resisting Western power.
• How has Hinduism adapted to globalisation in India?

  It supports Indian national identity and capitalism.
• How do wealthy Hindus view their success?

  As a divine blessing rather than greed.
• What does Nanda (2008) say about India's new middle class?

  They remain deeply religious despite wealth.
• How does the Indian government promote Hindu values?

  As part of national identity and policy.
• What tensions arise from Hindu ultra-nationalism in India?

  Non-Hindus are seen as "outsiders".
• How does Bruce view Hinduism in India?

  As a case of cultural defence against dominance.
• How has Confucianism contributed to economic success in East Asia?

  It retains traditional values while supporting capitalism.
• What does Berger (2003) say about Confucianism and capitalism?

  It mirrors the Protestant work ethic values.
• How has Pentecostalism grown in Latin America?

  It has become popular among the poor.
• What does Berger (2003) say about Pentecostalism's role in Latin America?

  It encourages hard work and self-discipline.
• How does Bruce view Pentecostalism in Latin America?

  As cultural defence against secularism and dominance.
• What are the key takeaways regarding religion and cultural defence?

  • Religion can resist secularisation.
  • Poland: Catholicism resisted communism.
  • Iran: Islam resisted Westernisation.
  • India: Hinduism defends national identity.
  • East Asia: Confucianism supports capitalism.
  • Latin America: Pentecostalism offers stability.
• What is Bruce's argument about religion and modernisation?

  Religion adapts to protect identity and resist change.