Chapter 11

• Adolescence - Developmental transition between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes.
• Puberty - Process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce.
• Adrenarche occurs between ages 6 and 8. During this stage, the adrenal glands secrete increasing levels of androgens, most notably dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
• DHEA influences the growth of pubic, axillary (underarm), and facial hair.
• The second stage, gonadarche, is marked by the maturing of the sex organs, which triggers a second burst of DHEA production.
• Primary sex characteristics - Organs directly related to reproduction, which enlarge and mature during adolescence.
• Secondary sex characteristics - Physiological signs of sexual maturation (such as breast development and growth of body hair) that do not involve the sex organs.
• The Adolescent Growth Spurt - a rapid increase in height, weight, and muscle and bone growth that occurs during puberty—generally begins in girls between ages 9½ and 14½ (usually at about 10) and in boys, between 10½ and 16 (usually at 12 or 13).
• Spermarche - Boy’s first ejaculation.
• Menarche - Girl’s first menstruation.
• Secular trend - Trend that can be seen only by observing several generations, such as the trend toward earlier attainment of adult height and sexual maturity, which began a century ago in some countries.
• 1. socioemotional network that is sensitive to social and emotional stimuli, such as peer influence
• 2. cognitive-control network that regulates responses to stimuli.
• white matter (nerve fibers that connect distant portions of the brain)
• corpus callosum, a band of axon fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
• amygdala, broadly, is involved with strong emotional reactions.
• prefrontal cortex is involved with planning, reasoning, judgment, emotional regulation, and impulse control.
• Anorexia nervosa - Eating disorder characterized by self-starvation.
• Bulimia nervosa - Eating disorder in which a person regularly eats huge quantities of food and then purges the body by laxatives, induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.
• Substance abuse - Repeated, harmful use of a substance, usually alcohol or other drugs.
• Substance dependence - Addiction (physical, or psychological, or both) to a harmful substance.
• Depression in young people does not necessarily appear as sadness but as irritability, boredom, or inability to experience pleasure.
• Formal operations - Piaget’s final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly.
• Hypothetical-deductive reasoning - Ability, believed by Piaget, to accompany the stage of formal operations, to develop, consider, and test hypotheses.
• Structural changes in adolescence include (1) changes in working memory capacity and (2) the increasing amount of knowledge stored in long-term memory
• Declarative knowledge - Acquired factual knowledge stored in long-term memory.
• Procedural knowledge - Acquired skills stored in long-term memory.
• Conceptual knowledge - Acquired interpretive understandings stored in long-term memory
• Functional Change Processes for obtaining, handling, and retaining information are functional aspects of cognition.
• Preconventional morality - First level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning in which control is external and rules are obeyed in order to gain rewards or avoid punishment or out of self-interest.
• Conventional morality (or morality of conventional role conformity) - Second level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning in which standards of authority figures are internalized.
• Postconventional morality (or morality of autonomous moral principles) - Third level of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning, in which people follow internally held moral principles and can decide among conflicting moral standards.
• 3 Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg's Theory

  1. Preconventional morality
  2. Conventional morality
  3. Postconventional morality
• Prosocial moral reasoning is reasoning about moral dilemmas in which one person’s needs conflict with those of others in situations in which social rules or norms are unclear or nonexistent.
• Inductive discipline—including reasoning, explaining consequences, and encouraging teens to consider the effects of their actions on others.