outline

• Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonberg


  Meta-analysis of 32 studies, secure most common, but cultural differences
• simonelli et al


  More insecure-avoidant in Italy due to working parents.
• Jin et al


  More insecure-resistant in Korea due to cultural parenting styles.
• Bowlby evolution theory


  Secure attachment is the most common, so attachment is biologically programmed.
• cultural differences (nature vs nurture debate)

  🌏 – Different cultures raise kids differently, which changes attachment styles.
• learning theory (link 3, the bowlby one and cult diff one are also links to cult var)


  Experience also matters! (E.g., in Italy, work changes led to more insecure-avoidant children).
• jin et al 2012 - korean attatchment study


  • What they did: Studied attachment in Korean infants.
  • What they found:
  • Most were secure.
  • More insecure-resistant, very few insecure-avoidant (opposite to Western findings).
  • What this means: Korean culture encourages closeness, which explains the low levels of avoidant attachment.
• simonelli et al 2014 - italian attatchment study


  • What they did: Studied attachment in Italian infants.
  • What they found:
  • 50% secure, 36% insecure-avoidant (higher than expected).
  • Likely due to more working mothers and childcare use.
  • What this means: Social changes can affect attachment patterns over time.
• Van Ijzendoorn + Kroonenburg 1988- cult variations in attachmnt


  • What they did: Combined results from 32 studies across 8 countries using the Strange Situation.
  • What they found:
  • Secure attachment was the most common type everywhere.
  • BUT, there was more variation within a country than between countries (e.g., differences between rural and urban areas in the same country).
  • Western countries (e.g., Germany) had more insecure-avoidant children.
  • Eastern countries (e.g., Japan) had more insecure-resistant children.
• for van ijzenndoorn + kroonenburg 1988

  • What this means:
  • Attachment is mostly biological and universal, supporting Bowlby’s theory.