brain

• Temporal lobe (green)

  important for processing sensory input and assigning it emotional meaning.
• Occipital lobe (pink)

  visual processing region of the brain, housing the visual cortex.
• Parietal lobe (yellow)

  The parietal lobe integrates sensory information including touch, spatial awareness, and navigation.
• Frontal lobe (blue)

  Positioned at the front of the brain, the frontal lobe contains the majority of dopamine-sensitive neurons and is involved in attention, reward, short-term memory, motivation, and planning.
• Basal ganglia

  involved in the control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, and decisions about which motor activities to carry out.
• Cerebellum

  mostly involved in precise motor control, but also in language and attention.
• If the cerebellum is damaged, the primary symptom is disrupted motor control, known as ATAXIA.
• broca's area. This small area on the left side of the brain (sometimes on the right in left-handed individuals) is important in language processing.
• Corpus callosum

  a broad band of nerve fibers that join the left and right hemispheres.
• Corpus callosum. . It is the largest white matter structure in the brain and allows the two hemispheres to communicate. 
• Medulla oblongata: 

  extending below the skull, it is involved in involuntary functions, such as vomiting, breathing, sneezing, and maintaining the correct blood pressure
• Hypothalamus

  sitting just above the brain stem and roughly the size of an almond,
• the hypothalamus secretes a number of neurohormones and influences body temperature control, thirst, and hunger.
• Thalamus: 

  positioned in the center of the brain, the thalamus receives sensory and motor input and relays it to the rest of the cerebral cortex.
• thalamus. It is involved in the regulation of consciousness, sleep, awareness, and alertness.
• Amygdala

  two almond-shaped nuclei deep within the temporal lobe.
• amygdala. They are involved in decision-making, memory, and emotional responses; particularly negative emotions
• •        The Central Nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
• •        The BRAIN is protected by the skull (the cranial cavity) and the SPINAL CORD travels from the back of the brain, down the center of the spine, stopping in the lumbar region of the lower back.
• •        The BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD are housed within a protective triple-layered membrane called the MENINGES.
• The spinal cord continues inferiorly from the medulla oblongata.
• The spinal cord has four surfaces, one anterior fissure and three sulci. I
• •        The spinal cord consists of five segments (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal) and a total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerging out of them.
• The function of the spinal cord is to convey information between the brain and the rest of the body
• •        the spinal cord regulates lower bodily functions independently from the brain, such as reflexes.
• The meninges of the brain are referred to as the CRANIAL MENINGES.
• •        the meninges of the spinal cord are called the SPINAL MENINGES.
• Dura mater .it is a two-layered sheath consisting of the PERIOSTEAL AND MENINGEAL DURA MATER.
• The SPINAL DURA (theca) envelops the spinal cord and is separated from the vertebral column by the EPIDURAL SPACE.
• The layers of the cranial dura diverge from each other in several sites, forming a space that contains
• Arachnoid mater

  the cranial and spinal arachnoid lie underneath the dura mater.
• The space between the dura and the arachnoid is called the SUBDURAL SPACE. 
• Pia mater is highly vascular, containing numerous blood vessels that nourish the surfaces of the CNS.
• The CRANIAL PIA MATER envelops the whole brain, and is inferiorly continued by the spinal pia.
•  The SPINAL PIA overlies the spinal cord and terminates as the filum terminale past the S2 vertebra
• Olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I): 

  transmit information about odors from the upper section of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs on the base of the brain.
• Optic nerves (cranial nerve II): 

  carry visual information from the retina to the primary visual nuclei of the brain
• Trauma: 

  depending on the site of the injury, symptoms can vary widely from paralysis to mood disorders.
• some micro-organisms and viruses can invade the CNS
• ; these include fungi, such as CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; protozoa, including MALARIA; bacteria, as is the case with HANSEN’S DISEASE (leprosy), or viruses.