1865-90

• Civil war ended 1865
• 13th Amendment - 1965, abolished slavery in US
• 14th Amendment - gave rights + equal protection to former slaves in 1868
• 15th Amendment - 1870, prevented state government from denying right to vote on the grounds of race.
• Freedman’s Bureau - March 1865, US agency helped freed African - Americans in the south.
• Black Codes - 1865, legislations in south which discriminated against African - Americans, making them unemployable + forced child labour - prevented them from receiving an education
• Civil Rights Bill 1866 - guaranteed equality of all under the law, regardless of race.
• Tenure of Office Act - 1867, prevented Johnson removing host of office holders, tried to stop the removal of Secretary of State Edwin M. Stanton.
• Andrew Johnson impeachment - Broke Tenure Office Act and fired Stanton, impeaching took place in 1868 by Senate, managed to stay in but lost credibility and effectiveness.
• Whiskey Ring Scandal - 1875, group of politicians stole money from the government through taxes on whiskey
• Reconstruction ended in 1877
• End of reconstruction - Rutherford Hayes, would win but remove troops from the south.
• Colfax Massacre - 1873, a Republican won the governor race, in retaliation, white supremacists and KKK members killed around 69 - 100 white and black men.
• KKK founded in 1866
• 1860-90 population grew from 31.5M to 50M
• 1865 - Assassination of Lincoln
• Support base of Southern Republicanism:

  • Carpetbaggers - arrivals from North, soldiers, teachers, Freedmen’s Bureau agents + businessmen
  • Scalawags - Native-born white Republicans, small farmers
  • African-Americans made up majority of Republican voters in South
• 1867 Reconstruction Acts - placed federal troops in South
• During Reconstruction - 2000 African-Americans held office in South
• 1875 Civil Rights Act - forbid discrimination on public transport + in restaurants.
• Laws in Radical Reconstruction - 1866 Civil Rights Act, 14th Amendment + 1867 Reconstruction Acts
• Andrew Johnson presidency -> 1865-69
• Ulysses Grant presidency -> 1869-77
• Abraham Lincoln presidency -> 1861-65
• Gilded Age - name by Mark Twain for late 1800s-early 1900s -> time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialisation
• Eugene V Debs -> leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman Strike
• Interstate Commerce Act - 1887, passed to regulated railroad + interstate business
• Pendleton Civil Service Act - 1883, created a federal civil service so that hiring + promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.
• Spoils system - system of public employment based in rewarding party loyalists + friends
• Tammany Hall - political organisation within NYC (late 1800s + early 1900s) seeking political control by corruption
• Boss Tweed - leader of Tammany Hall
• Chinese Exclusion Act - suspended Chinese immigration to US due to wanting to maintain white racial purity + believed that they're taking all the jobs.
• Pullman Strike - George Pullman refused to meet workers demands of higher wages + better working conditions -> 1864, workers walked off the job with the support of the American Railway Union
• Haymarket Riot - 1886, national strike for 8-hour work days led to clashes, deaths + a bomb in Haymarket Square, Chicago.
• Great Railroad Strike 1877 - workers went on strike due to low wages - led to violence
• American Federation of Labour - labour trade union founded in 1886
• Sherman Antitrust Act - 1890, banning any trust that restrained interstate trade/commerce
• Cornelius Vanderbilt - Captain of Industry in charge of railroad + steamship lines
• John D. Rockefeller - Captain of industry that created a monopoly in oil refineries
• Andrew Carnegie - Captain of industry in the steel industry.