Genus Clostridium

• What type of bacteria is Clostridia?

  Gram +ve bacilli
• What is the oxygen requirement for Clostridia?

  Obligate Anaerobic
• What is a key feature of Clostridia regarding reproduction?

  Spore-forming
• What shape do Clostridia bacteria have?

  Rods
• Where are Clostridia typically found?

  In water, soil, and animal GIT
• What is the morphology of Clostridium Tetani?

  Drumstick shaped
• What is a notable feature of Clostridium Tetani's flagella?

  It has many flagella
• What is the pH range for Clostridium Tetani?

  pH 6.8-7.4
• What type of colonies does Clostridium Tetani form?

  Small filamentous colonies
• What is the biochemical activity level of Clostridium Tetani?

  Low biochemical activity
• What is the primary reservoir for Clostridium Tetani?

  Soil Worldwide
• What is a common transmission method for Clostridium Tetani?

  Contact with spores
• What is Tetanospasmin?

  Neurotoxin produced by C. tetani
• How does Tetanospasmin affect the nervous system?

  It binds inhibitory neurotransmitters
• What are the effects of Tetanospasmin on muscle activity?

  Causes tonic-clonic spasms and instability
• What does Tetanolysin do?

  Causes haemolytic and cardiotoxic effects
• What is the incubation period for Tetanus?

  3-21 days
• What are the symptoms of Generalised Tetanus?

  Painful muscle spasms and rigidity
• What is Trismus in Tetanus?

  Lockjaw
• What is Risus Sardonicus?

  Sardonic grin with raised eyebrows
• What is Opisthotonos?

  Backward arching of spine, neck, and head
• What are life-threatening complications of Tetanus?

  Laryngospasm and respiratory muscle spasm
• What is Neonatal Tetanus?

  Occurs in infants of inadequately immunized mothers
• What are the symptoms of Neonatal Tetanus?

  Difficulty opening mouth and feeding
• What is Cephalic Tetanus?

  Affects cranial nerves, mistaken for stroke
• What specimens are used for microbiological diagnosis of Tetanus?

  Pus, blood, CSF, secretions, soil
• What is the Gram-staining procedure for Tetanus diagnosis?

  Prepare, heat-fix, stain, decolorize, counterstain
• What is the Spore-Staining method for Tetanus diagnosis?

  Prepare, air dry, heat-fix, stain, rinse, counter-stain
• What is the treatment for Tetanus?

  Wound cleaning and debridement
• What antibiotics are used for Tetanus treatment?

  Metronidazole
• What is the role of Human Tetanus Immunoglobulin?

  Provides passive immunization
• What vaccine is used for Tetanus prevention?

  Tetanus Vaccine
• What is the morphology of Clostridium Perfringens?

  Club-shaped bacilli
• What is a notable feature of Clostridium Perfringens regarding flagella?

  No flagella or capsule
• What is the catalase activity of Clostridium Perfringens?

  Catalase -ve
• What is the indole activity of Clostridium Perfringens?

  Indole +ve
• What is the lecithinase activity of Clostridium Perfringens?

  Lecithinase +ve
• What is the lipase activity of Clostridium Perfringens?

  Lipase -ve
• What is the spore location in Clostridium Perfringens?

  Subterminal or paracentral spores
• What type of haemolysis does Clostridium Perfringens exhibit?

  Double-zone haemolysis in blood agar