Genus Campylobacter. Helicobacter pylori

• What is the Gram stain result for Campylobacter?

  Gram -ve
• What type of flagella does Campylobacter have?

  Polar Flagella
• What is the optimal temperature range for Campylobacter growth?

  37C-42C
• What type of oxygen requirement does Campylobacter have?

  Microaerophile
• What is the primary reservoir for Campylobacter?

  Natural Gut Flora in Birds
• How is Campylobacter transmitted?

  Contact with Infected Persons or Animals
• What is the role of the Type IV Secretion System in Campylobacter?

  Facilitates conjugation and DNA transformation
• What does the Cytolethal-Distending Toxin do?

  Impairs epithelial cell and lymphocyte function
• What is the pathogenesis of Campylobacter infection?

  Bacteria enter small intestines causing inflammation
• What is a common clinical manifestation of Campylobacter infection?

  Bloody Diarrhoea
• What condition can Campylobacter infection commonly precede?

  Reactive Arthritis
• What syndrome is associated with Campylobacter infection?

  Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• What type of specimens are used for microbiological diagnosis of Campylobacter?

  Faeces
• What microscopy findings suggest invasion of the intestinal wall in Campylobacter infection?

  Neutrophils + Blood present in Faeces
• What culture medium is used for Campylobacter at 42C?

  Skirrow or Campy Agar
• What is the treatment for Campylobacter infection?

  Macrolides e.g., erythromycin
• What is the Gram stain result for Helicobacter Pylori?

  Gram -ve
• What enzyme is Helicobacter Pylori positive for?

  Urease
• What is the primary reservoir for Helicobacter Pylori?

  Humans
• What are the transmission routes for Helicobacter Pylori?

  Person-to-Person and Faecal-Oral
• What is the role of urease in Helicobacter Pylori?

  Increases pH for survival in acidic environment
• What are the clinical manifestations of Helicobacter Pylori infection?

  Type B Gastritis and Duodenal Peptic Ulcers
• What is the 'Gold Standard' for diagnosing Helicobacter Pylori?

  Gastric Intubation and Endoscopy
• What test measures urease activity in Helicobacter Pylori?

  Carbon-Urea Breath Test
• What is the treatment regimen for Helicobacter Pylori infection?

  Clarithromycin + Amoxicillin + PPIs
• What are the cultural features of Campylobacter?

  • Gram -ve
  • Catalase +ve
  • Oxidase +ve
  • Spiralis
  • In pairs
  • Polar flagella
  • Microaerophile
  • Grows best at 37C-42C
  • Needs blood or charcoal in culture medium
• What are the virulence factors of Campylobacter?

  • Type IV Secretion System
  • Cytolethal-Distending Toxin
• What are the clinical manifestations of Helicobacter Pylori infection?

  • Type B Gastritis (Atrophic Gastritis)
  • Duodenal Peptic Ulcers
  • Increased risk for Gastric Adenocarcinoma + MALT Lymphadenoma
• What are the virulence factors of Helicobacter Pylori?

  • Urease
  • Flagella
  • Adhesion Factors
  • Cytotoxin
• What are the microbiological diagnosis methods for Helicobacter Pylori?

  • Gastric Intubation
  • Endoscopy
  • Biopsy
  • Gram Staining
  • Giemsa Staining
  • Carbon-Urea Breath Test
  • CLO Test