Chapter 4

• What are the main components found in blood?

  White blood cells, oxygen, water, minerals
• What cells are human blood made of?

  Red cells and white blood cells
• What different vessels are found in the human body?

  Arteries, capillaries, veins
• What components of blood can be labeled in a picture?

  Platelets, red blood cell, white blood cell
• What are the types of blood cells and their functions?

  • Red blood cells (RBC): Transport oxygen
  • White blood cells (WBC): Fight infections
  • Platelets: Help in blood clotting
• What is plasma mainly made of?

  Water and various substances
• What are the functions of different blood vessels?

  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart
  • Veins: Carry blood back to the heart
  • Capillaries: Exchange materials with tissues
• How does the structure of arteries relate to their function?

  Thick walls withstand high pressure
• What is the function of valves in veins?

  Prevent backflow of blood
• What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

  Allow diffusion of materials to and from cells
• What happens during the process of phagocytosis?

  Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens
• What is the main function of red blood cells?

  Transport oxygen throughout the body
• What adaptations do red blood cells have for their function?

  Contain haemoglobin and has a biconcave shape
• What is the role of the heart in the circulatory system?

  Pumps deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
• What are the chambers of the heart and their functions?

  • Right atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood
  • Right ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • Left atrium: Receives oxygenated blood
  • Left ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to body
• What is the function of the septum in the heart?

  Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
• What is the function of heart valves?

  Ensure blood flows in one direction
• What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

  • Ventilation: Moves air in and out of lungs
  • Respiration: Uses oxygen to release energy in cells
• What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?

  Contracts and relaxes to change lung volume
• How do guard cells regulate stomata?

  Change shape to open or close stomata
• What is transpiration and its significance?

  • Transpiration: Evaporation of water from leaves
  • Significance: Maintains water uptake and cooling
• What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

  Temperature, humidity, wind speed, light intensity
• How does temperature affect transpiration?

  Higher temperatures increase evaporation rates
• How does humidity affect transpiration?

  Higher humidity decreases the transpiration rate
• How does wind speed affect transpiration?

  Increased wind speed enhances water loss
• How does light intensity affect transpiration?

  Higher light intensity increases transpiration rate
• What adaptations do plants in dry conditions have to reduce water loss?

  Reduced leaves, fewer stomata, thick cuticle
• What are the functions of the plant's transport systems?

  • Xylem: Transports water and nutrients
  • Phloem: Carries sugars and minerals
• What is the role of stomata in plants?

  • Allow gas exchange
  • Control water loss through transpiration
• How do guard cells function in relation to stomata?

  • Swell to open stomata when hydrated
  • Shrink to close stomata when dehydrated
• What is the transpiration stream in plants?

  • Continuous movement of water from roots to leaves
  • Driven by evaporation from leaf surfaces
• What problems can arise if transpiration is disrupted?

  • CO₂ cannot enter, O₂ cannot exit
  • Water builds up in xylem, causing damage
• What is the role of haemoglobin in red blood cells?

  It binds oxygen for transport
• What is the process of gas exchange in the lungs?

  Oxygen enters blood, CO₂ exits
• Why is the rib cage important for the lungs?

  Protects lungs and aids in breathing
• What is the role of the diaphragm in inhalation?

  Contracts to increase lung volume
• How do guard cells use osmosis?

  Take up water to open stomata
• What effects does drought have on plant health?

  Causes wilting and reduced growth