DNA structure

• DNA is one of the most important molecules in life and it has a particular structure that you need to be aware of.
• The structure of DNA was discovered by two very important scientists known as Watson and Crick in 1953.
• The discoveries of Watson and Crick were based on the research done by another doctor known as Rosalind Franklin.
• The structure of DNA is that it's arranged in a shape known as a double helix.
• The double helix is composed of two very long polynucleotide chains twisted up into a shape known as a double helix.
• The double helix is made up of two strands which are polynucleotide chains twisted to make a double helix shape.
• The sides of the dna double helix are made by two parts of each of the nucleotides, the pentose sugar and the phosphate groups.
• The sides of the ladder, which is the dna double helix, are known as the sugar phosphate backbone.
• The bases go into the inside of the dna molecule and form different interactions.
• The bases form different interactions because the sides of the double helix are made from these two groups which are known as the pentose sugar and the phosphate group.
• In any rung of DNA, it will either be an A and a T together or a C and a G.
• DNA wants to make the maximum number of hydrogen bonds because it makes it a more stable molecule.
• The amount of A or the percentage of A has to be the same as the percentage of the Ts because you can always have an A with a T and a T with an A.
• Hydrogen bonds exist between atoms or particular nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the bases themselves.
• A and T always pair together because they can make two hydrogen bonds between their molecules.
• G and C can make three hydrogen bonds, also known as G-C pairing.
• The percentage of Cs will always be the same as the percentage of Gs because if there's ever a G, there will always be a C bound to it.
• C and G each make up about 30% of the bases in DNA.
• A and T make two hydrogen bonds, also known as A-T pairing.
• The base pairing is complementary because complementary things fit together well and want to stay together.
• The number of hydrogen bonds that each pair of bases can form is determined by the size of the bases and the shape of the DNA molecule.
• A and T each make up about 20% of the bases in DNA.
• The bases of one polynucleotide chain have to interact with the bases of
• The DNA nucleotide consists of three parts: the phosphate, the pentose sugar, and the organic base.
• The organic bases face the inside of the ladder and are known as the rungs of the DNA molecule.
• The bases of one polynucleotide chain have to interact with the bases of the other chain to make the rung of the DNA molecule.
• The two strands of DNA, the two nucleotide chains, are held together by a type of interaction called a hydrogen bond, which occurs between the bases of each chain.
• The rungs of the ladder are represented by these hydrogen bonds between the bases.
• The hydroxyl group on carbon 3 of a nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the other nucleotides, creating a phosphodiester bond.
• The hydroxyl group on carbon 3 of a nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the other nucleotides, creating a phosphodiester bond.</
• The five prime end of a nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate group of the previous nucleotide, creating a phosphodiester bond.
• The sugar on one strand is upside down compared to the other strand.
• One strand runs five prime to three prime, while the other strand runs three prime to five prime.
• The numbers five prime and three prime refer to the number of carbons on the pentose sugar.
• DNA has two polynucleotide strands running in different directions, referred to as anti-parallel.
• The phosphates on one strand point in one direction, while the phosphates on the other strand point in the opposite direction.
• Chargaff's rule, also known as Shargas rule, states that the number of A's and T's is equal to the number of G's and C's in DNA.