3.2 Transport in animals

• A closed circulatory system is where blood is always contained within vessels, found in vertebrates and few non-vertebrates.
• The two types of circulatory systems are: closed and open systems.
• An open circulatory system is one where there is no vessels, the fluid just flows around the body undirected.
• A single circulatory system is when the blood passes through the heart once for each circuit of the body.
• A double circulatory system is when the blood passes through the heart twice for each circuit of the body.
• The arteries and arterioles carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's cells.
• Veins and venules carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body's cells.
• Capillaries connect arterioles with veins and allow exchange between the blood and tissues.
• Blood contains plasma, white blood cells, platelets and red blood cells.
• Haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body.
• The Bohr effect is describes red blood cells' ability to adapt to changes in the biochemical environment.
• Hydrostatic pressure: the pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the walls of a vessel or container
• tissue fluid: the fluid surrounding the cells and tissues
• plasma: the fluid portion of the blood
• Ventricular septum: Separates the right and left ventricles.
• fetal haemoglobin: a type of haemoglobin that is present in foetuses
• Bradycardia: a slow heart rhythm
• Fibrillation: uncoordinated contraction of the atria and ventricules
• tachycardia: a rapid heart rhythm
• Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
• pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
• Pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
• oncotic pressure: the pressure created by the oncotic effects of the solutes
• The heart has four chambers called left atrium, left ventricule, right ventricle and right atrium.
• Vena cava: carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
• Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
• The cardiac cycle has three stages atrial systole, ventricular systole and diastole.
• Normal sinus rhythm: rhythm of a healthy heat
• Adaptions of red blood cells: biconcave shape, no nucleus, high surface area, small size to fit in capillaries and lots of haemoglobin