Anglo Saxons medical church Normans

• The vast majority of the population in Anglo-Saxon times lived in the countryside around 90%.
• Aethelred was the king from 978 to 1016.
• King’s peace was the term for the King’s duty to ensure law and order.
• The king provided land to nobles in exchange for their support.
• Treason was the crime of betraying the king or helping his enemies.
• Crimes against the person and crime against property grew more common in the growing towns.
• Collective responsibility was the term for a whole community being responsible for upholding the law.
• The reeve was the official who carried out decisions made by local courts.
• The Church held great influence over ideas about crime.
• Moral crimes were crimes that caused no physical harm but violated ideas about acceptable behaviour.
• English shires were divided into hundreds.
• The term ‘shire reeve’ later evolved into Sheriff.
• Hue and cry was the shouting when somebody witnessed a crime, meant to call all who heard it to help capture the suspects.
• Swearing an oath was a way to prove innocence.
• Trial by ordeal was a method of inflicting pain on the accused in order to let God judge their guilt or innocence.
• Maiming was the punishment advised by the Church for petty theft.
• Wergild was the name of the fine paid to a murder victim’s family.
• Treason and arson were crimes punishable by execution.
• Deterrent was the term for a punishment that is meant to discourage people from committing a crime.
• The stocks or the pillory were devices used to secure people in a public place where they could be humiliated.
• William the Conqueror conquered England in 1066.
• Punishments became harsher under the Normans to boost the king’s power and authority.
• William the Conqueror built castles all over England.
• The feudal system was a new system of social organisation that divided society into ranks, with everybody owing loyalty and service to those above them.
• Serfs were the lowest rank in the feudal system, meaning people who were legally bound to work for their lord and could not leave their land.
• A new form of trial by ordeal, known as Trial by combat, was introduced by the Normans.
• Towns in the later Middle Ages were subdivided into Wards.
• A new crime, known as Poaching, was created to mean hunting animals on the king’s land.
• Church courts might impose punishments such as Pilgrimage, confession, or apology at mass.
• Fines paid under the Normans, instead of being paid to victims and their families, were paid to King’s officials.
• A whole community had to pay a fine if the murderer of a Norman person was not caught, this fine was known as Murdrum.
• Trial by jury replaced trial by ordeal in England.
• A jury consists of twelve people.
• Justices of the peace, local wealthy men appointed by the king to enforce the law, were given a title from the 14th century onwards.
• A new crime, known as Heresy, was created to criminalise Church reformers.
• King Henry II attempted to reduce the power of the Church in the late 12th century.
• Priests stopped organising trial by ordeal after 1215, as ordered by the Pope.
• The horrific new punishment for the crime of high treason was Hanging, drawing, and quartering.
• A new punishment, known as Burning at the stake, was invented for these criminals.
• Social crimes are crimes that are technically illegal but widely considered acceptable.