How and why do places vary?

• what are players?

  Individuals, groups of people or formal organisations who can influence, or can be influenced by, the processes of change.
• what is regeneration?

  positively transforming the economy of a place that has shown decline.
• what is rebranding?

  The marketing aspect of regeneration designed to attract businesses, residents and visitors.
• What is re-imaging?

  Making a place more attractive and desirable to invest and live in or visit.
• What are the categories places can fit into?

  near places - places which are close to us, but this can be subjective to different people.Far places - places that are distant, both near and far places can also have an emotional meaning.Experienced places - places we have actually visited. An emotional attachment is often created, though a disliked or like to a place can often be affected by what we see on social media.Media places - places we have not visited, but have learned about through social media.Representations - for example musician Vancouver sleep clinic chose his artist name as he though Vancouver looked a beautiful place.
• what is a function?

  The role a place plays for its community and its surroundings. these can scale as high order such as banks and department stores of low order such as bakeries and local churches.
• What is characteristics?

  Helps us distinguish one place from another, such as location, natural features, layout, architecture and culture.
• what are the different functions of a place?

  Administrative - Places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas. Commercial - A location with strong business influence; many TNCs may have bases here and there is a large volume of small and large scale businesses. Retail - A town or city with attractive retail facilities - markets, shopping centres, unique shops. The retail industry is the main source of income and employment for locals. Industrial - A location whose economy and reputation is predominantly based on its industrial capacity. For example, Birmingham was historically known as the Black Country, for its large industries of iron & steel works (the name is based on the smoke industries produced!)
• How has the internet affected place function?

  Internet and broadband services have changed customer habits. Because of online shopping and click and collect banking, regeneration may encourage specific place identities to attract customers back.
• what are the 5 sectors?

  primary- raw materials, secondary- manufacturing , tertiary - services , quaternary - technology , quinary - decision making
• What is the Clarke-Fisher model?

  Describes the stages a country may progress as they become more economically developed.
• What is the pre-industrial stage of the Clarke-Fisher Model?

  The majority of the population work in the primary sector, with a small percentage of the total population employed in the secondary industry. This may be due to a lack of infrastructure or investment preventing a country from constructing factories and establishing manufacturing industry.
• What is the industrial stage of the Clarke-Fisher Model?

  The proportion of employees in the primary sector may begin to decline as land is taken up by manufacturing and imports become more feasible. During these periods of time, internal rural - urban migration may occur, as families seek a better quality of life by earning a secondary job.
• What is the post-industrial stage of the Clarke-Fisher model?

  After a country industrialises, the proportion of people working in the primary sector decreases significantly. Secondary jobs also decline but at a much slower rate. However, there is a big increase in the number of people in the tertiary and quaternary industry, as demand for entertainment, holidays and technology increases with an individual's disposable income.
• Illegal work

  is often done in poor working conditions on low or no pay. Migrant workers may be more vulnerable to this because of unfamiliarity with local conditions
• Self-employed


  workers may work as freelancers, consultants or contractors. They may run their own business or sell their services to other businesses. They may incorporate as their own company so that they pay a smaller amount of tax.
• Temporary work


  can be agency staff who work on short notice. They may also be volunteers.
• permanent or fixed contracts

  are the traditional type of employment. These might be long-term over years or short-term over months.
• Temporary and seasonal work

  usually low paid and concentrated in agricultural and tourism
• Zero-hour contracts

  casual "piecework" or on-call work. The worker is not guaranteed any work or any set hours. Neither the employer or employee have any obligations.
• mechanism

  No need for people to work in factories due to the use of robotics and machinery.
• Globalisation

  the growth and spreading of ideas.
• Deindustrialisation


  The decline of manufacturing industries, together with coal mining
• Location quotients

  a mappable ratio showing specialisation in data distribution being studied. A number close to 1 shows no specialisation . A number above 1 shows a concentration of that type of employment locally and a number below 1 suggests a lack of the type of industry being looked at.
• Postcode lottery

  This refers to the uneven distribution of local personal health and health services nationally, especially in mental health, early diagnosis of cancer and emergency care for the elderly
• Glasgow effect

  The impacts of poor health linked to deprivation.
• demographic characteristics

  measurable characteristics of a population, such as economic status, education, age, race or ethnicity, and gender
• what are the reasons why places might go through change?

  physical reasons such as location, environment and technology.Accessibility reasons such as the access to a place and connection.Historical development such as Post production era and competition.Role of planning by government and other stakeholders such as a plan led system, conservation areas, central government intervention, local planning and image.
• What was the reason for decline in Glasgow?

  Deindustrialisation of the ship industry as it was cheaper to produce goods abroad. Jobs were lost due to globalisation and neo-liberalism. It led to a decline in the steel and coal making industry. This can lead to economic impacts such as unemployment, loss of income in shops and services, loss of tax and migration away from the city.
• what is deprivation?

  A situation in which you do not have things or conditions that are usually considered necessary for a pleasant life.
• what is neo-liberalism?

  an economic policy that has driven economic growth. Allows for free markets, cutting regulations and free movement of people.
• What are the processes of cycle of decline?

  1) markets decline and industries close2) People lose jobs 3) Less money is spent in local shops and services 4) Local economy declines5) Increased business closure6) Poor image puts off new investors 7) no new investment
• What reasons of poor health links to deprivation?

  the jobs you do can lead to poor health, alcohol, smoking, diet - food deserts, height, living conditions.
• what does the index of Multiple deprivation measure?

  income, employment, education, health, crime, barrier to housing and services, living environment.
• how can change be measured

  land use changes, employment trends, demographic changes, economic productivity.
• spearman's rank

  Correlation coefficient is a technique which can be used to summarise the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Above 0 indicated a positive relationship, below 0 indicated a negative relationship, close to 0 indicates no relationship.
• what factors can influence life expectancy?

  sex, lifestyle, jobs, distance to medical facility, access to fresh food, education, economy.