Philosophy quarter 2

Cards (84)

  • Freedom - means the absence of resistance. The power or the right to act, speak or think as you want without hindrance
  • Different types of freedom
    1. Physical freedom
    2. Moral freedom
  • Physical freedom - absensce of physical restraint.
    Moral freedom - absensce of moral restraint, of an obligation or law
  • Freedom of choice and limits
    • Ability to exercise one's freedom in any manner
    • Only exception is when an absolute choice harms or delimits self or others
  • Prudence is an act of making good judgement that allows the person to avoid risks, also to prevent harm that a circumstances may make
  • Human Action -is an act that is performed only by a human being and thus is proper to man.
    is also an act on which an individual can make a conscious decision whether or not to carry out that act.
  • Acts of man are actions shared by humans and other animals while human acts refer to the appropriate actions of human beings.
    It is the natural act of vegetative and sense faculties such as digestion, the beating of the heart, growing, bodily reactions and visual or auditory perceptions.
  • A human act is an action that is considered to be carried out voluntarily, whereas an act of man is an involuntary action.
  • Voluntary Actions - these are acts originating from the individual performing the act using knowledge about the situations of the act.
  • A voluntary act continues either by the will - like an act of love or choice - or from another human power that may be motivated by the will, either by an act of intellect or by the sense of reasoning or emotion;
  • Type of voluntary action
    Voluntary – actions are performed from will and reason
    Related to Compulsion - it is considered as mixed of voluntary and involuntary. It is more voluntary if the desire and choice has been performed and involuntary if it has considered preferences or alternatives.
  • Types of involuntary action
    a.) force or coercion and b.) ignorance where the doer failed to understand the effect and feels sorry on the result.
  • Types of involuntary action
    Under Compulsion– circumstances which are beyond the control of the agent and contributes none to the action.
  • B. Through Ignorance of Particular Circumstances
    1. Doer
    2. Deed
    3. Object or person affected by it
    4. Wherewith it is done
    5. That for the sake of which it is done
    6. Way in which it is done
  • According to John Mothershead, freedom and obligation are two indispensable conditions for morality to occur.
  • Freedom is understood to be present when one is choosing a course of action, and he or she is taking full responsibility for consequence of his actions
    1. Intellectual Choice – This is a choice which is deliberately selected based on a moral standpoint. Basically, they are normative answers about what we ought to do from a moral system that we uphold and its moral principles.
  • B. Practical Choice – a choice which is borne out of psychological and emotional considerations. Unlike the previously discussed type of choice, practical choices are made when confronted with the actual situation, and usually affected by psychological aspect of the person embroiled in the moral situation or dilemma.
  • Intersubjectivity is from the prefix “inter” - “among and between” “subject”- a conscious being. Intersubjectivity -as “sharing of subjective states by two or more individuals.”
  • Intersubjectivity
    It is the organic union of the subjective reality and the objective reality of beings.
    Intersubjectivity is universal.
    1. Jean Paul Sartre - He explains that when you look at a person, the act of objectification allows you to capture that person’s freedom to be what he/she wants to be. That is, you are limiting a persons possibilities by the look. This is evident when you stereo type or label a person based on his/her appearance or certain actions
  • Totalization
    It occurs when one limit the other to a set of a rational categories, be the racial, sexual or otherwise. One totalize the other when one claim the he/she already know who is that person before they can even speak to.
  • 2. Edmund Husserl
    He believes that intersubjectivity is more than is just shared understanding, but the capability to put oneself in the place where the other is.
    His 3 ideas of intersubjectivity
    Empathy
    Availability
    Ethics of care
  • Emphathy putting yourself in the shoes of others
    Availability is the willingness to be present or to be at the disposal of another
    Ethics of care is the ethical theory that emphasizes the moral dimension of interactions. To help people especially the vulnerable
  • Confucious one of the main ideax of confucianism is Ren or human heartedness. It is a virtue central to man that can be found in his sociality or Intersubjectivity. He stresses order and harmony in the world.
  • Martin Buber A Jewish philosopher had interest in the study of relating ourselves to others.
    He said that “I” or yourself, can only be realized through recognition of others.”
    The “I” cannot be aware of its uniqueness and existence without encountering the “ other”.
  • Types of relationship
    1. I-I RELATIONSHIP - people believe that they are the center of the world (I, me myself)
    2. I-IT RELATIONSHIP - treat other people as a mere object
    3. I-THOU RELATIONSHIP - genuine in treating others as equal or subject
  • Karol Wojtyla He is also St. John Paul II but as a philosopher, we use his real name. Human action is the foundation of our being. He is a member of the community of persons, a community of “I-You” or “WE.”
  • authentic dialogue is defined as open and honest conversations that abide by the Habermas speech conditions in which fair exchanges of thoughts lead to detecting and correcting errors (or reconciling differences) amongst engaged actors.
  • Dialogue is a deep and genuine relationships between persons. It happens when two persons acknowledge each other’s presence and treat each other as equals.
  • Dialogue is an interaction between persons through speech, expressions, and body language. It occurs when two persons open up to each other and give and accept one another in their encounter.
  • Seeming is a way of approaching the other governed by the image one desires to impress on the other. It involves deliberately playing or hiding aspects of yourself to appear more desirable or impressive.
  • Being- proceeds not from an image, but from what one really is. It is an acceptance of the other in the way that it is also an acceptance of the self as it is.
  • Speechifying- refers to one’s talking past another. It is hearing without listening to what one says.
  • Personal making Present – is the process of fully opening oneself to the other
  • Imposition- constitutes holding one’s opinion, values, attitudes and oneself without regard for those of another.It is telling the other how he/she should act, behave or respond to things.
  • Unfolding - constitutes finding in the other disposition toward what one recognizes as true, good and beautiful. It involves seeing the other as a unique singular individual capable of freely actualizing oneself.
  • Stephen Hawking A physicist and cosmologist who, despite his rare medical condition called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), made significant contributions to contemporary studies of relativity quantum physics.
  • Jovy Sasutona -Painter lost the use of his hands after a diving accident, has spent decades using his mouth and feet to paint vibrant slices of Filipino life. honored internationally, winning first prize in the 2007 International Art Competition of the Association of Mouth and Foot Painting Artists held in Vienna, Austria.
  • Roselle Ambubuyog -Mathematician and Motivational Speaker Roselle was Ateneo de Manila University’s first visually impaired student.