attachment

• What is attachment in the context of emotional bonds?

  A close two-way emotional bond
• How long does it take for attachment to develop?

  A few months
• What does proximity refer to in attachment theory?

  Staying physically close to attached individuals
• What is separation distress?

  Getting upset when an attachment figure leaves
• What is secure-base behaviour?

  Regularly returning to the attachment figure
• What is reciprocity in attachment relationships?

  When each person responds to the other
• How might a caregiver demonstrate reciprocity with a baby?

  By responding to a baby's smile
• What are alert phases in babies?

  Times ready for social interaction
• What did Feldman (2007) find about interactions at 3 months?

  Interactions become more frequent and attentive
• How has recent research changed the view of babies' roles in interactions?

  Babies are seen as active participants
• What analogy did Brazelton et al (1975) use to describe interaction?

  Like a dance where each responds
• What is interactional synchrony?

  When two people perform the same action simultaneously
• How did Feldman (2007) define interactional synchrony?

  Temporal coordination of micro-level social behavior
• What did Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study about interactional synchrony?

  It begins in babies as young as 2 weeks
• What was the method used by Meltzoff and Moore (1977) in their study?

  Adults displayed facial expressions and gestures
• What did Isabella et al (1989) find about synchrony and attachment quality?

  High synchrony linked to better attachment quality
• What was the aim of Schaffer and Emerson's study in 1964?

  To investigate early attachment formation
• How many babies were studied by Schaffer and Emerson?

  70 babies
• Where were the babies studied in Schaffer and Emerson's research?

  In their own homes
• What behaviors were mothers asked about in the study?

  Protest behaviors and separation anxiety
• At what age did 50% of babies show separation anxiety?

  Between 25 and 32 weeks
• What type of attachment was most common at 40 weeks?

  Specific attachment
• What does Schaffer and Emerson's study suggest about attachment development?

  Attachments develop in stages
• What are the stages of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson?

  1. Asocial Stage (0-8 weeks)

  • Similar responses to objects and people
  • Preference for faces/eyes

  1. Indiscriminate Attachments (2-7 months)

  • Preference for human company
  • Comforted indiscriminately

  1. Specific Attachments (7-12 months)

  • Preference for one caregiver
  • Displays separation and stranger anxiety

  1. Multiple Attachments (1 year+)

  • Attachment behaviors to several people
• What is a limitation of Schaffer and Emerson's study regarding generalizability?

  Only applicable to working-class babies
• What is a strength of Schaffer and Emerson's study regarding external validity?

  Conducted in a natural environment
• How do cultural differences affect attachment according to the study?

  Stages may not generalize to collectivist cultures
• What did Schaffer and Emerson find about attachment to fathers?

  Most babies attached to mothers first
• What percentage of babies formed an attachment with their father by 18 months?

  75%
• What did Grossmann et al (2002) study about fathers?

  Relationship between parents' behavior and children's attachments
• What did Field (1978) find about primary caregiver fathers?

  They engage more emotionally than secondary fathers
• What did Hardy (1999) report about fathers' ability to detect infant distress?

  Fathers are less able than mothers
• How do Geiger's findings (1996) describe fathers' play with children?

  Fathers provide more physical and exciting play
• What did Lamb (1987) find about children's preferences for caregivers?

  Children prefer fathers for stimulation
• What did Neville et al (1997) find about older fathers?

  They tend to be less physical in play
• What are the cultural differences in father involvement in childcare?

  • Aka (Congo): Fathers provide more direct care
  • Efe (Congo): Childcare is primarily women's responsibility
  • Agta (Philippines): Mothers remain primary attachment figures
• What is a limitation of the research on fathers regarding heteronormativity?

  Assumes two opposite-sex parents are standard
• What did McCallum and Golombok (2004) find about same-sex parents?

  They do not negatively impact child development
• What is a confusion in research questions regarding fathers?

  Different roles of fathers lack clarity
• What is a conflicting evidence regarding fathers' roles?

  Findings vary by methodology used