physical

• holistic = overall
• growths spurt = rapid growth during infancy and puberty
• developmental norms = average expectations of a young child's development
• development = follows an orderly sequence and acquisition of new skills, knowledge and abilities like learning how to count
• growth = different parts of the body and measured using height, weight and dimensions
• foods which women should avoid whilst pregnant

  • any unpasteurised milk as it may contain listeria which is a bacteria that can causes an infection called listeriosis and can cause a miscarriage
  • raw and undercooked meat as there is a chance of getting toxoplasmosis and can cause a miscarriage
  • liver products containing vitamin A
• pregnant women are recommended to take a vitamin supplement that contains iron and folic acid as it can help prevent major birth defects of the baby's brain and spine
• smoking whilst pregnant can lead to

  • premature labour
  • foetal death
  • damage to baby brain and lungs
  • sudden risk in death
• drinking whilst pregnant can cause

  • speech delays
  • restricted growth
  • increased risk of miscarriage
• drugs whilst pregnant can lead to

  • miscarriage
  • withdrawal
  • premature baby
• gross motor skills = large movements which involve using control and coordination of larger muscles e.g walking
• fine motor skills = involve smaller movements that require dexterity and smaller muscles in fingers, toes, lips e.g writing
• gripping = having the strength in fingers and hands to hold onto an object firmly
• manipulation = skillful movement of objects using fingers and hands like twisting and passing objects
• hand eye coordination = control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement
• sexual maturity = when an individuals reproductive organs are fully matured
• in girls , oestrogen and progesterone are responsible for causing eggs to mature in ovaries and maintaining the uterus lining
• in males testosterone stimulates sperm reproduction
• primary sexual characteristics = processes related to sex organs that are present at birth e.g vagina or penis
• secondary sexual characteristics = appear during puberty, developed when sex hormones released e.g breats developing or growth of pubic hair
• peri-menopause = a woman gradullay begins to make less oestrogen and stop producing an egg each month
• peri-menopause

  • night sweats and hot flushes
  • loss of libido/sex drive
• menopause = ovaries stop producing as muc of the hormone oestrogen and no longer release an egg each month
• early adulthood = gradual decline in physical ability towards the end of life stage particularly for the individual who has an unhealthy diet and dont exercise
• middle adulthood = physical capabilities begin to decline and muscle tone is not as good, loss of skin elasticity, women will reach menopause, men produce less tesosterone
• later adulthood= the body functions begin to decline

  • skin loses elasticity leads to wrinkles
  • hearing loss and eyesight weakens
  • joints may be stiffer
• cardiovascular disease happens due to the heart not being able to pump blood around the body due to narowing of areties and due to the fats like cholesterol being laid in walls of blood vessels.

  this process of clogging up is called antherosclerosis and can cause high blood pressure and heart attacks
• increase of risk of developing cardiovascular disease

  • smoking
  • poor diet
  • lack of exercise
• osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease a result of wear and tear of the joints , causes the joints to become painful and stiff in the fingers, knees, ankles, hips, elbows, knuckles
• physical changes due to osteoarthritis include thinning and roughening of the joint cartilage. cartilage is a protective cushion between the ends of bones , as the bones rub together, moving of the joints causes pain and swelling and leads to bony outgrowths, spurs or osteophytes
• stooping = spinal discs compressing together causing their posture to change
• a reduction of oestrogen causes menopause
• peri-menopause = gradual stopping of periods
• two signs of ageing

  • wrinkles on face
  • brittle bones
• hormone thats responsible for lactation (infants sucking)= prolactin
• 2 physical symptoms before menopause

  • hot sweats
  • loss of libido
• growth spurt = rapid growth
• the release of oestrogen starts ovulation and menstruation
• secondary sexual characteristics = appear during puberty, not necessary for reproduction and develop when sex hormones are released
• puberty = period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and able to reproduce