growths spurt = rapid growth during infancy and puberty
developmental norms = average expectations of a young child's development
development = follows an orderly sequence and acquisition of new skills, knowledge and abilities like learning how to count
growth = different parts of the body and measured using height, weight and dimensions
foods which women should avoid whilst pregnant
any unpasteurised milk as it may contain listeria which is a bacteria that can causes an infection called listeriosis and can cause a miscarriage
raw and undercooked meat as there is a chance of getting toxoplasmosis and can cause a miscarriage
liver products containing vitamin A
pregnant women are recommended to take a vitamin supplement that contains iron and folic acid as it can help prevent major birth defects of the baby's brain and spine
smoking whilst pregnant can lead to
premature labour
foetal death
damage to baby brain and lungs
sudden risk in death
drinking whilst pregnant can cause
speech delays
restricted growth
increased risk of miscarriage
drugs whilst pregnant can lead to
miscarriage
withdrawal
premature baby
gross motor skills = large movements which involve using control and coordination of larger muscles e.g walking
fine motor skills = involve smaller movements that require dexterity and smaller muscles in fingers, toes, lips e.g writing
gripping = having the strength in fingers and hands to hold onto an object firmly
manipulation = skillful movement of objects using fingers and hands like twisting and passing objects
hand eye coordination = control of eye movement at the same time as finger and hand movement
sexual maturity = when an individuals reproductive organs are fully matured
in girls , oestrogen and progesterone are responsible for causing eggs to mature in ovaries and maintaining the uterus lining
in males testosterone stimulates sperm reproduction
primary sexual characteristics = processes related to sex organs that are present at birth e.g vagina or penis
secondary sexual characteristics = appear during puberty, developed when sex hormones released e.g breats developing or growth of pubic hair
peri-menopause = a woman gradullay begins to make less oestrogen and stop producing an egg each month
peri-menopause
night sweats and hot flushes
loss of libido/sex drive
menopause = ovaries stop producing as muc of the hormone oestrogen and no longer release an egg each month
early adulthood = gradual decline in physical ability towards the end of life stage particularly for the individual who has an unhealthy diet and dont exercise
middle adulthood = physical capabilities begin to decline and muscle tone is not as good, loss of skin elasticity, women will reach menopause, men produce less tesosterone
later adulthood= the body functions begin to decline
skin loses elasticity leads to wrinkles
hearing loss and eyesight weakens
joints may be stiffer
cardiovascular disease happens due to the heart not being able to pump blood around the body due to narowing of areties and due to the fats like cholesterol being laid in walls of blood vessels.
this process of clogging up is called antherosclerosis and can cause high blood pressure and heart attacks
increase of risk of developing cardiovascular disease
smoking
poor diet
lack of exercise
osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease a result of wear and tear of the joints , causes the joints to become painful and stiff in the fingers, knees, ankles, hips, elbows, knuckles
physical changes due to osteoarthritis include thinning and roughening of the joint cartilage. cartilage is a protective cushion between the ends of bones , as the bones rub together, moving of the joints causes pain and swelling and leads to bony outgrowths, spurs or osteophytes
stooping = spinal discs compressing together causing their posture to change
a reduction of oestrogen causes menopause
peri-menopause = gradual stopping of periods
two signs of ageing
wrinkles on face
brittle bones
hormone thats responsible for lactation (infants sucking)= prolactin
2 physical symptoms before menopause
hot sweats
loss of libido
growth spurt = rapid growth
the release of oestrogen starts ovulation and menstruation
secondary sexual characteristics = appear during puberty, not necessary for reproduction and develop when sex hormones are released
puberty = period of rapid growth during which young people reach sexual maturity and able to reproduce