Thermal

• Specific heat capacity definition

  Amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree Celcius
• Specific heat capacity equation

  heat energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change
• How does thermal conduction work

  Vibrating particles transfer heat energy to adjacent particles, and the vibration passes along, leading to the spread of heat. The higher the thermal conductivity of an object, the higher the rate of thermal energy transfer
• How is heat transferred in solids?

  • Conduction is the main form of heat transfer in solids. This is because the particles are near each other and can pass on vibrations easily, which is harder in a gas. Heat in liquids and gases is normally transferred by convection and radiation
• How is heat transferred in liquids and gases?

  Convection and radiation
• solid to liquid is called

  melting
• liquid to gas is called

  evaporation or boiling
• solid to gas is called

  sublimation
• liquid to solid is called

  freezing
• gas to liquid is called

  condensation
• Specific latent heat of fusion

  Amount of energy to melt 1kg of a substance with NO CHANGE in temperature OR energy given out when 1kg of substance changes from solid to liquid
• Specific latent heat of vaporisation

  Amount of energy to evaporate 1kg of a substance with NO CHANGE in temperature OR energy given out by 1kg substance when it condenses from gas to liquid
• Density equation

  $density =$$\dfrac{mass}{volume}$
• What is temperature?

  measure of average kinetic energy of particles
• What causes pressure of a gas on a surface?

  force of gas particles hitting the surface
• What happens to gas pressure as temperature increases? Why?

  Gas pressure increases. Molecules move faster so hit the walls more frequently and with more force.
• What happens to gas temperature if it is compressed quickly?

  Gas temperature increases. Work is done by the force compressing the gas and energy gained is not transferred to the surroundings quickly enough.