clinical trial and monoclonal antibodies

• what is the second stage of a clinical trial testing?

  testing on healthy volunteers and patients to test for toxicity , efficacy and dosage
• what do preclinical trials use to test on?

  cells and tissues and live animals
• what is the third stage of clinical trials?

  Double blind trials where the sick patients get randomly selected (to reduce bias) to either have to drug or a placebo
• what is the first thing scientist do in a clinical trial?

  test the drug on cells and tissues then animals to work out optimum dosage
• how are monoclonal antibodies produces to treat Gonorrhea?

  Inject the pathogen into a mouse. the mouse will begin to produce white blood cells ,lymphocytes and antibodies. The scientist will extract these lymphocytes and bind with a tumor cells creating a hybridoma cell which can divide. the single hybridoma cell can clone and create monoclonal antibodies
• uses of monoclonal antibodies are?

  used to diagnose on pregnancy tests

  to treat some diseases eg cancer

  in research to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye