Lesson 2

• Intellectual revolution


  • The period of enlightenment written by development in the field of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transform the view of society.
  • Other words of intellectual revolution are "Scientific Revolution"
  • Based on observation and experimentation
• Importance of Scientific Revolution


  1. Led to the creation of a new research field in science.
  2. Transform the natural world and the world of ideas.
• In the 6th Century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model which describes that the Earth is the center of the universe.
• Nicolaus Copernicus

  • astronomer mathematician and cathedral canon
  • father of the modern astronomy
  • proposed the planet in order of increasing distance from Earth
• Ptolemy

  The geocentric model is that the Earth is the center of the Universe.
• Copernicus

  Heliocentric model means that the sun is the center of the universe
• Charles Darwin

  • Father of evolution
  • Evolution is when the population and species if organisms change over time
  • Theory of Evolution
• Theory of Evolution

  1. All life on earth is connected and related to each other.
  2. This diversity of life came about because of the modification of population that were driven by natural selection
• Natural Selection

  Describe the survival of the fittest, where fittest refers to ability to survive and reproduce.
• Sigmund Frued

  • study human behaviors
  • father of psychoanalysis
  • Australian neurologist and psychiatrist
  • human sexuality and the evil nature of man
  • personality is made up of 3 structure:
• Personality is made up of 3 structure:

  1. ID (Instinct)
  2. EGO (Reality)
  3. SUPEREGO (Morality)
• Three Essential systems of mind

  1. Conscious mind - Present awareness
  2. Preconscious mind - outside awareness and not accessible
  3. Unconscious mind - primary source of human behavior, Most important part of mind that you cannot see.
• Mesopotamia: Inca

  • suspension bridge
  • terraced field
  • calendar
• Inca Inventions:

  • Capac-nan
  • Crop terraces
  • Knipus/Quipus
• Capac-nan

  The passages covered in the fire paving stone are known as created bridges where organic and biodegradable (rebuilt every year)
• Crop terraces

  Lack of level fields, therefore they develop a system of terraces that they constructed throughout the empire like giant green staircase
• Knipus / Quipus

  • A communication device where verbal messages are conveyed by runners, consisting of a cord from which a knotted string varies its length and color.
  • used for record keeping according to a decimal system.
• Mesoamerica: Mayan

  • famous as one of the world's first civilizations
  • system of mathematics (created the number system) concept of zero, numeral 20
  • advanced understanding of astronomy
  • written system in hieroglyphics
  • Mayan 3 kinds of calendar
• Mayan 3 kinds of calendar:

  1. Solar calendar- the year of 365 days (HAAB) governed the agriculture cycle.
  2. Sacred or ritual calendar - year of 260 days
  3. Long count calendar - cyclical basic unit of turn 360 days
• Mesoamerican: Aztec (The Mexica)

  • Tenochtitlan - Capital of Aztec empire
  • Nahuatl - Aztec language
  • No money/currency
  • Mandatory education
• Aztec Contribution

  • Chocolate- used for currency and barter
  • herbal medicine- used to prevent muscle spasms
  • Aztec Calendar or Mexica Calendar

  1. Xuiponuali: 365 days
  2. Tonalpohualli: 260 days (neither solar or lunar)

  • Canoe - a light, narrow boat
  • Chinampas- floating island of soil for Aztec agricultural farming technology
• Asia: China

  • Abacus - ancient calculator
  • Acupuncture - a method of relieving pain or curing illness by placing needles into person's skin at particular points
  • The great wall of China - built by emperor Qin to fend off the invasion from the Mongols
  • Traditional medicine- acupuncture and herbal medicine were practiced
• China 4 Greatest invention

  1. Navigational compass - tool that many argue usher in the age of exploration in Europe
  2. Gunpowder - one of the most impactful invention in the modern world
  3. Paper (Ba Booltube) - the paper today was invented by China
  4. Block printing - process of object to move an inked impression upon a flat surface
• Asia: India

  • Ayurvedic - system of traditional medicine
  • Sushruta samhita - different surgical and other medical procedure
  • Aryabhata - median mathematician introduced trigonometry function, tables, and algorithm of algebra
  • Use of zero - placeholder and decimal digit
  • Astronomy - means latitude of the planet: rising and setting - true longitude of the planet - the moon crescent
  • Mathematics - mohenjo-daro under: the standard measurement of length and design ruler.
• What is the Ishango Bone made of?

  A baboon fibula
• What material was used as a sharp edge for engraving the Ishango Bone?

  Quartz
• What geometric property is displayed by fractal geometry?


  Repeating pattern at every scale
• What mathematical operations did Nubians perform using doubling and halving?

  Multiplication and addition
• How many degrees did the Ancient Egyptians assign to a circle?

  360
• What was the Ancient Egyptian estimate for Pi?


  3.16
• Besides gold, what material did ancient Africans manufacture?

  Glass and glass beads
• What was a major export of ancient Africa?

  Gold
• What types of currency were used in ancient Africa?

  Gold, silver, and bronze coins
• What material were the two types of furnaces made of?

  Iron
• What are circular day furnaces?


  Furnaces built above the ground
• What are Trenones furnaces?


  Furnaces built below the ground
• What were the ingredients for ancient African ink?


  Vegetable gum, soot, and water
• What types of metal casting were practiced in ancient Africa?

  Bronze and brass casting
• Middle East: Intellectual Revolution:

  1. Coffee
  2. Clocks
  3. Camera
  4. Soap - by mixing olive oil and al-aqli (salt-like)
  5. Perfume making by dissipation
  6. Flying machine: Abbas Ibn Firnas - first person who make the first attempt to construct a flying machine
  7. Surgical instrument: Al-zahrawi - a man known in history of medicine who illustrate the use of surgical instrument
  8. Maps - true introduction of paper in Baghdad in 8th century, the first map and travel guide could be production
  9. Music
  10. Algebra