TFN final exam

• Nursing theories are organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it.
• Philosophy are beliefs and values that define a way of thinking and are generally known and understood by a group or

  discipline.
• A theory is a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action. It refers to a logical group of general propositions used as principles of explanation. Theories are also used to describe, predict, or control phenomena.
• Concepts are often called the building blocks of theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that involve

  images.
• Models are representations of the interaction among and between the concepts showing patterns. They present an overview of the theory’s thinking and may demonstrate how theory can be introduced into practice.
• A conceptual framework is a group of related ideas, statements, or concepts. It is often used interchangeably with the conceptual model and with grand theories.
• Propositions are statements that describe the relationship between the concepts.
• The domain is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline.
• Processes are organized steps, changes, or functions intended to bring about the desired result.
• A paradigm refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world, worldview, or widely accepted value system.
• A metaparadigm is the most general statement of discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models develop. Much of the theoretical work in nursing focused on articulating relationships among four major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing.
• In 1860, Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as “the act of utilizing the patient’s environment to assist him in his recovery.”
• In the 1950s, there is a consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge.
• In 1952, Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Interpersonal Relations that emphasizes the nurse-client relationship as \the foundation of nursing practice.
• In 1955, Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Thus her Nursing Need Theory was developed.
• In 1960, Faye Abdellah published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems,” which shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach.
• In 1962, Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed nursing’s professional function as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help.
• In 1968, Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness.
• In 1970, Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe.
• In 1971, Dorothea Orem stated in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs.
• In 1971, Imogene King‘s Theory of Goal attainment stated that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health.
• In 1972, Betty Neuman, in her theory, states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice.
• In 1979, Sr. Callista Roy viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems that maintain the balance between these various stimuli.
• In 1979, Jean Watson developed the philosophy of caring, highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice.
• Person (also referred to as Client or Human Beings) is the recipient of nursing care and may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities.
• Environment (or situation) is defined as the internal and external surroundings that affect the client. It includes all positive or negative

  conditions that affect the patient, the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others, and the setting for where

  they go for their healthcare.
• Health is defined as the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences. It may have different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the health care provider.
• The nurse’s attributes, characteristics, and actions provide care on behalf of or in conjunction with the client. There are numerous

  definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars may have difficulty agreeing on its exact definition. The ultimate goal of nursing

  theories is to improve patient care.
• For a theory to be a theory, it has to contain concepts, definitions, relational statements, and assumptions that explain a

  phenomenon. It should also explain how these components relate to each other.
• Florence Nightingale

  • Founder of Modern Nursing and Pioneer of the Environmental Theory.

  • Defined Nursing as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.”

  • Stated that nursing “ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection

  and administration of diet – all at the least expense of vital power to the patient.”

  • Identified five (5) environmental factors: fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness or sanitation, and light or direct

  sunlight.
• Hildegard E. Peplau

  • Pioneered the Theory of Interpersonal Relations

  • her theory defined Nursing as “An interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or

  in need of health services and a nurse specially educated to recognize, respond to the need for help.”

  • Her work is influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elgar Miller.

  • It helps nurses and healthcare providers develop more therapeutic interventions in the clinical setting.
• Virginia Henderson

  • Developed the Nursing Need Theory

  • Focuses on the importance of increasing the patient’s independence to hasten their progress in the hospital.

  • Emphasizes the basic human needs and how nurses can assist in meeting those needs.

  • “The nurse is expected to carry out a physician’s therapeutic plan, but individualized care is the result of the nurse’s creativity

  in planning for care.”
• Faye Glenn Abdellah

  • Developed the 21 Nursing Problems Theory

  • “Nursing is based on an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the

  individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with their health needs.”

  • Changed the focus of nursing from disease-centered to patient-centered and began to include families and the elderly in

  nursing care.

  • The nursing model is intended to guide care in hospital institutions but can also be applied to community health nursing, as

  well.
• Ernestine Wiedenbach

  • Developed The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing conceptual model.

  • Definition of nursing reflects on nurse-midwife experience as “People may differ in their concept of nursing, but few would

  disagree that nursing is nurturing or caring for someone in a motherly fashion.”

  • Guides the nurse action in the art of nursing and specified four elements of clinical nursing: philosophy, purpose, practice,

  and art.

  • Clinical nursing is focused on meeting the patient’s perceived need for help in a vision of nursing that indicates considerable

  importance on the art of nursing.
• Lydia E. Hall

  • Developed the Care, Cure, Core Theory is also known as the “Three Cs of -“

  • The major purpose of care is to achieve an interpersonal relationship with the individual to facilitate the development of the core.

  • The “care” circle defines a professional nurse’s primary role, such as providing bodily care for the patient. The “core” is the patient receiving nursing care. The “cure” is the aspect of nursing that involves the administration of medications and treatments.
• Joyce Travelbee

  • States in her Human-to-Human Relationship Model that the purpose of nursing was to help and support an individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with the struggles of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to find significance in these occurrences, with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope.

  • Nursing was accomplished through human-to-human relationships.

  • Extended the interpersonal relationship theories of Peplau and Orlando.
• Kathryn E. Barnard

  • Developed the Child Health Assessment Model.

  • Concerns improving the health of infants and their families.

  • Her findings on parent-child interaction as an important predictor of cognitive development helped shape public policy.

  • She is the founder of the NCAST which produces and develops research-based products, assessment, and training programs to provide nurturing environments for young children.

  • Borrows from psychology and human development and focuses on mother-infant interaction with the environment.
• Evelyn Adam

  • Focuses on the development of models and theories on the concept of nursing.

  • Includes the profession’s goal, the beneficiary of the professional service, the role of the professional, the source of the

  beneficiary’s difficulty, the intervention of the professional, and the consequences.

  • A good example of using a unique basis of nursing for further expansion.
• Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan, and Alison J. Tierney

  • A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living

  • Logan produced a simple theory, “which actually helped bedside nurses.”

  • collaborated in the fourth edition of The Elements of Nursing: A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living

  • Includes maintaining a safe environment, communicating, breathing, eating and drinking, eliminating, personal cleansing and

  dressing, controlling body temperature, mobilizing, working and playing, expressing sexuality, sleeping, and dying.
• Ida Jean Orlando

  • She developed the Nursing Process Theory.

  • “Patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations, and therefore nurses must validate their inferences and analyses with patients before drawing conclusions.”

  •According to her, persons become patients requiring nursing care when they have needs for help that cannot be met independently because of their physical limitations, negative reactions to an environment, or experience that prevents them from communicating their needs.

  • The role of the nurse is to find out and meet the patient’s immediate needs for help.