chemical bonding

• Electronegativity


  tendency of an atom to attract electrons
• Electronegativity is influenced by ___

  Valence Electrons
• if valence electron increases then electronegativity ______

  also increases
• left to right (electronegativity)


  increases
• top to bottom (electronegativity)

  decreases
• Most electronegative element

  Flourine (F)
• Electron Affinity


  ability of an atom to accept an electron
• Electron Affinity is closely related to _____


  Electronegativity
• Left to right (Electron Affinity)

  increases
• Top to Bottom (Electron Affinity)

  decreases
• Elements that are stable

  Group 8 elements (elements with 8 valence electrons) [except helium]
• elements with positive charge


  Cations
• elements with negative charge


  Anions
• elements that give electrons

  cations
• elements that receive electrons

  anions
• elements with positive charge (groups)

  Group 1, Group 2, Group 3 elements
• elements with negative charge (groups)

  Group 5, Group 6, Group 7 elements
• elements with both positive and negative charge

  Group 4 elements
• Atom should have 8 valence electrons to achieve stability


  Octet Rule
• Any unstable element will react with another element, gaining, losing or sharing their electrons will make them stable

  Octet Rule
• Ionization Energy


  The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
• what influences the Ionization Energy

  the size of an atom
• left to right (ionization energy)

  increases
• top to bottom (ionization energy)

  decreases
• represent valence electrons as dots around the chemical symbol of an atom

  Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)
• who proposed LEDS

  Proposed by Gilbert Lewis, an American physical chemist
• How do LEDS work?

  Electrons are distribution in a circular (clockwise motion) one at a time, with the next set of electrons written as a pair of the first set
• attractive force that holds atoms of elements together in a compound

  Chemical Bond
• 2 types of chemical bond

  Ionic bond/compound and Covalent Bond/compound
• chemical bond characterized by the transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal elements


  Ionic Bond
• compounds that are composed of only two elements, metal (cation) and non-metal (anion)


  Binary Ionic Compounds
• compounds that are composed by 3 or more elements and it contains polyatomic ions


  Ternary Ionic Compounds (Polyatomic compounds)
• Pair of elements for Binary Ionic Compounds


  Metal & nonmetal
• Bond Formation for Binary Ionic Compounds


  Transfer of electrons using (LEDS)
• Formation of Ions for Binary Ionic Compounds


  Numerical Value of Charge
• Chemical Formula for Binary Ionic Compounds


  Shorthand symbols for compounds and shows ratios of atoms, using crisscross method
• Chemical Name for Binary Ionic Compounds

  1) use unchanged name of the metal element (cation)

  2) use the suffix -ide to the name of the nonmetal element (anion)
• Transition metals

  metals with more than one atom
• IUPAC


  stock name of elements for binary compounds with transition metals
• Naming ternary ionic compounds

  prefixes -per and -hypo are used, -per has more value than -hypo