Case study: Amazon Rainforest

• ground that has been baked dry by ______ ______ and heat will have reduced ______ _______ and increase _____flow?

  prolonged drought, infiltration capacity, overland
• what are one example of porous rocks?

  sandstones
• what are two examples of impermeable rocks?

  granite and slate
• clay soil that has been _____ ___ will form ____ ____ and increase _______?

  baked dry, large cracks, infiltration
• deeper soils store ____ ____, this reduces ______ ______ overland flow?

  more water, saturation excess
• evergreen conifers such as ____ and ____ have a higher level of ______ ____ in eastern _____ at __ percent ?

  pine, spruce, interception loss, England, 60
• ____ rainfall leads to more ____ ____ ____ ____ as the infiltration capacity of the soil is ______, in the __, this is more likely to happen in ____?

  intense, infiltration excess overland flow, exceeded, UK, winter
• porous rock reduce the speed of ___ ____, soil is therefore more likely to be ______, and increase chances of _____ ____ ?

  groundwater flow, saturated, overland flow
• a steep slope, ____ _____ ___ ___ ___ and discourages infiltration?

  encourages speed of overland flow
• waxy leaf surfaces and ___ ____ leaf can _____ _____ storage, but increase ____ and stemflow?


  drip tip, reduce interception, throughfall
• what does flashy mean?


  dominated by fast flow processes and limited outputs
• heavy machinery such as _____, compact soils, increasing _____ ____ by reducing ____ ____?

  tractors, overland flow, infiltration capacity
• widely ____ _____ increases speed of _____ ___, soil is therefore less likely to be _____, and reducing ______ _____?

  joined limestone, groundwater flow, saturated, overland flow
• rainfall is more intense at the ____ ____ than the ____ ____?

  cold front, warm front
• crop irrigation, ____ ____ from rivers and groundwater to ____ ____, while some of this water is ______ by the crops from ___ ____, most of the ___ ___ is transferred to the _____ by _______ or transferred back to the river by ______?


  diverts water, cultivated land, transpired, soil storage, irrigation water, atmosphere, evaporation, throughflow
• what does subdued mean?

  dominated by slow flow processes and higher amounts of inputs
• leaf ____ and ____ can affect interception storage capacity?

  surface, shape
• vegetation density varies ______?

  temporally
• natural _______provide surface ______ on _____ ground, increasing lag _____?

  floodplains, storage, flat, time
• ploughing acts as _____ _____, accelerating overland flow and _____ _____?

  drainage channels, soil erosion
• As farmland and woodland are replaced by _____, office, factories and _____, vegetation and ____ is converted to _____ and tarmac, these _____ surfaces allow little to no _______ and have _____ water storage capacity?

  housing, roads, soil, brick, impermeable, infiltration, minimal
• Coarse ____ _____ absorb and transfer ____ _____ by throughflow, while this reduces likelihood of ______ _____, rapid ______ can increase ______ of hydrograph?

  Sandy soils, water rapidly, overland flow, through flow, flashiness
• Rainfall is more gentle at the ____ _____, gentle rain offers a greater chance for ______ to occur and ____ ____ is less likely ?

  warm front, infiltration, overland flow
• Trees shed their leaves in ______?

  autumn
• Trees have a large _____ ____ and a greater ______ _____, this generates more ______ and increases the speed of _____ leading to high rates of _____ _____?

  surface area, aerodynamic roughness, turbulence, evaporation, interception loss
• If trees shed their leaves in autumn, this _____ the amount of ______ _____/ ______ loss and increases ______ and _______, therefore overland flow will increase during the winter _____?

  reduces, interception Storage, interception, through fall, stem flow, months
• Urban _____ _____ are designed to remove ______ ______ rapidly, for example______ ______ and gutters, as a result fast flows _______?

  drainage systems, surface water, pitched roofs, dominate
• _____ is faster along ____ which develop along lines of roots, decreasing the likelihood of _____ _____?

  through flow, pipes, overland flow
• In topical regions , _____ ______ _____ is common all year round ?

  intense conventional rainfall
• artificial ______ _____ increases ______ to rivers?

  under drainage, though flow
• Clay has much smaller _____ _____, reducing _____ making it easier for soils to become more ______?

  pore spaces, infiltration, saturated
• Shallower soils ____ less water, and increase _____ _____ ______ ______?

  store, saturation excess overland flow
• Most _____ have leaves ___ ____ _____, and water adheres to the spaces between _____ _____ more easily, creating a more effective ____ ____ and allowing _____ to occur ?

  conifers, all year round, conifer needles, interception store, evaporation
• Ploughing increases ______ and ____ _____ ____?

  evaporation, soil moisture loss
• A gentle slope _____ _____ of _____ ____ and encourages ______?

  reduces speed , overland flow, infiltration
• If ______ takes the form of ____ or _____, surface water stores will take a _____ _____, this significantly _____ lag time as there will be reduced flows into _____ until the snow or ____ melts ?

  precipitation, snow, hail, solid form, increases, rivers, hail
• Impermeable rocks _______ _____ and increase the chance of soils becoming ______?

  prevent percolation, saturated
• In the _____ months, _____ _______, reducing ______, rainfall is also high in ______ due to low _______, therefore water table _____ due to reduced _____?

  autumn, temperature falls, evapotranspiration, winter, pressure, rise, output
• Insolation is more _______ in ____ in the mid-latitudes, this increases interception ____ and ____?

  intense, summer, loss, evaporation
• Agricultural crops store _ percent of carbon in their ______?

  9, biomass