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Chemistry
Paper 2
3. Chemical analysis
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Pure substances
single
element
or
compound
not
mixed
with any other
substances
Melt and boil at
specific
temperatures
Melting
and
boiling
pointing
data
can be used to distinguish pure substances from
mixtures
Pure substances have nothing added to it so it’s
unadulterated
and in its
natural
state
Eg. Pure milk
formulations
a
mixture
that has been designed as a
useful
product
complex
mixtures in which each
chemical
has a particular
purpose
mixing components in carefully
measures
quantities
to ensure that the product has the required
properties
eg. fuels , cleaning products , paints , medicines , alloys , fertilisers and foods
chromatography
RF values = ratio of the distance moved by a
compound
(centre of spot from origin) to distance moved by
solvent
d
i
s
tan
c
e
d
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b
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tan
c
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d
i
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tan
c
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m
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d
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n
t
\frac{dis\tan ced\ moved\ by\ subs\tan ce}{dis\tan ce\ moved\ by\ solvent\ }
d
i
s
t
a
n
ce
m
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d
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so
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Different compounds have different Rf values in different solvent which can be used to help identify the compounds
Mixtures
- Separate into different spots depending on solvent
Pure
compound - produce a single spot in all solvents
test for hydrogen
use a
burning
splint
held
at the
open
end
of a test tube of the gas
hydrogen
burns
rapidly
with a
pop
sound
test
for oxygen
uses a
glowing splint
inserted
into a test tube of the gas
the splint
relight
with
oxygen
Test for carbon dioxide
aqueous
solution of
calcium hydroxide
(
lime water
)
When carbon dioxide is
shaken
with or
bubbled
through lime water
The limewater turns milky /
cloudy
test for chlorine
use
litmus paper
damp
litmus
paper
is put into chlorine gas
the litmus paper is
bleached
and turns
white
flame tests
L
ook
C
an
S
ophie
Y
ell
P
oignantly
L
ouder
C
ause
O
liver
C
an
G
o
Lithium - crimson flame
Sodium - yellow flame
potassium - Lilac flame
calcium - orange red flame
copper - green flame
if a sample containing a
mixture
of ions is used some flame colours can be
masked
Metal hydroxides
sodium hydroxide
can be used to identify some metal ions
Aluminium
,
calcium
,
magnesium
—> white precipItates
-
aluminium hydroxide
precipitate dissolves in excess
sodium
copper II —>
blue
preCipitate
Iron II —>
green
precipitate
Iron III —>
brown
precipitate
Eg. Calcium nitrate + sodium hydroxide —> sodium nitrate + calcium hydroxide
carbonate
react with dilute acids to form
carbon dioxide
carbon can be identified with
lime water
Halides
halide ions in solution produce predicates with
silver
nitrate
solution in the presence of
dilute
nitric acid
silver chloride
—> white
silver bromide
—> cream
silver iodide
—> yellow
Sulfates
sulphate ions in solution produce a
white
precipice worth
barium chloride
solution in the presence of
dilute
hydrochloric acid
instrumental methods
elements and compounds identified using instrumental methods
accurate , sensitive and
rapid
flame
emission
spectroscopy
example of an instrumental method used to analyse
metal
ions
in solutions
sample put into a flame and the light given out is passed through a spectroscope
the output is a line spectrum that can be analysed to identify the
metal
ions
in the solution and measure their
concentration
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