B 1.1 CARBOHYDRATES & LIPIDS, B 1.1 CARBOHYDRATES & LIPIDS 2

• What are macromolecules?

  large organic molecules (with a molecular mass over 10,000amu)
• what are monomers

  Smaller units from which larger molecules are made
• what are polymers

  molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain
• what is polymerisation

  process by which monomers joined together to form polymers via condensation reactions
• how many atoms to macromolecules usually have

  10000 +
• examples of macromolecules

  carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
• examples of monomers

  Monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides
• How is a macromolecule formed?

  during condensation reactions
• when does a condensation reaction occur?


  when molecules combine together forming covalent bonds and resulting in polymers or macromolecules; water removed
• Polypeptide


  long chain of amino acids that makes proteins - occurs via condensation reaction
• what reaction can break macromolecules

  hydrolysis reaction (break with water) in digestion
• How are polypeptides formed?

  condensation reactions
• How are nucleic acids formed?

  joined via condensation reactions to form a phosphodiester bond
• why is it called a phosphodiester bond

  because it consists of a phosphate group and two ester bonds
• What is a monosaccharide?

  simple sugar (monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides)
• Disaccharide


  2 monosaccharides linked together
• Polysaccharides


  many monosaccharides linked together
• How do monosaccharides join together?

  condensation reactions
• what is the bond that forms between monosaccharides called

  glycosidic bond
• what is the general formula for monosaccharides

  CnH2nOn
• what are monosaccharide properties

  colourless crystalline molecules, soluble in water
• triose molecules


  3 carbon atoms e.g. glyceraldehyde
• pentose molecule


  5 carbon atoms e.g. ribose
• hexose molecules

  6 carbon atoms e.g. glucose
• glucose molecular formula


  C6H12O6
• glucose


  most common monosaccharide and is of central importance to most forms of life and forms glycosidic bonds
• what is glucose used for

  main substance in respiration, releasing energy for the production of ATP
• what are the 2 structural forms of glucose

  alpha and beta glucose
• describe structure of alpha glucose

  OH always above ring on 3rd carbon and OH below ring on 1st carbon
• describe the structure of beta glucose

  OH always above ring on 3rd Carbon and OH above ring on 1st carbon
• examples of alpha glucose


  starch and glycogen
• Examples of beta glucose

  cellulose
• properties of glucose

  Stable structure due to the presence of covalent bonds which are strong and hard to breakSoluble in water due to its polar natureEasily transportable due to its water solubilityA source of chemical energy when its covalent bonds are broken
• What is a polysaccharide?

  When three or more monosaccharides are joined together
• what is the function of carbohydrates

  short term energy
• why are starch and glycogen effective storage polysaccharides

  compact, insoluble
• compact


  large quantities can be stored in a small space
• insoluble


  does not dissolve in cell cytoplasm, thus regulating water in the cell
• cellulose


  structural polysaccharide as it is strong, durable, insoluble, slightly elastic and chemically inert
• what is starch


  a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of alpha glucose monomers