Carbs

• Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy in the form of glycogen or from the diet.
• Glycogen is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream to be used as a fuel for the cells.
• Carbohydrates contain C, H & O with C=O and –OH final group.
• Glycolaldehyde is the simplest CHO sugar.
• Sucrose is the most common non-reducing sugar, with no aldehyde and ketone group.
• Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate.
• 6-phosphogluconate is the substrate in the reaction catalyzed by G-6-PD.
• NADPH is the coenzyme form of NADP+.
• Clinitest is a reducing substance used in the clinical test for copper.
• NADP+ is the coenzyme form of NAD+.
• Hexokinase is the most specific and reference method for glucose.
• D-glucose is a short form of dextrorotatory glucose, one of the two stereoisomers of glucose, and is the one that is biologically active.
• L-glucose is less biologically active and less common, and is not produced naturally in higher forms of organisms.
• Fisher Projection is a method of representing the three-dimensional structures of molecules on a page.
• Haworth Projection is a convenient notation for showing the structure of sugars.
• The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6.
• Monosaccharides or simple sugars are sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form and contain 3, 4, 5, 6 carbon atoms.
• Disaccharides are formed by the interaction of two monosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides are formed by the linkage of many monosaccharide units.
• Starch, glycogen and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides.
• Glucose metabolism generates pyruvic acid, lactic acid, and acetylcoenzyme A as intermediary compounds.
• Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat.
• Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for decreasing blood glucose.
• Glucagon regulates blood glucose by ↑ glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
• Epinephrine plays an important role in your body's “fight-or-flight” response.
• Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH and ↑ plasma glucose.
• ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol.
• Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone.
• Epinephrine inhibits insulin secretion, ↑ glycogenolysis and lipolysis.
• Insulin is synthesized by the β cells of the islets of Langerhan (pancreas).
• Glycogenesis is the conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage.
• Lipolysis is the decomposition of fat into fatty acids.
• Glucagon is the primary hormone responsible for increasing blood glucose.
• Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla and is released during times of physical and emotional stress.
• Cortisol, also known as stress hormone, is increased when you are stressed out.
• Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose for use as energy.
• Fatty acid molecules have biological activities that act to influence cell and tissue metabolism, function, and responsiveness to hormonal and other signals.
• Insulin regulates blood glucose by ↑ glycogenesis, glycolysis and lipogenesis; and ↓ glycogenolysis.
• Glucagon is synthesized by the α cells of the islets of Langerhan (pancreas).
• Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy, producing two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen.