has the position of childhood improved?

• the march of progress view - Aries and Shorter

  children today are more valued, better cared for and have more rights than children in previous generations
• effect of higher living standards and smaller family sizes

  families can afford to provide for their childrens needs. There is a 1.83 fertility rate in 2013 compared to 5.7 in the 1860's
• what do we mean by children no longer being seen not heard?

  children are now the focal point of the family and are consulted on many decisions they wouldn't have been in the past
• Laws that have improved the position of children

  • Alcohol restrictions
  • the age of sexual consent and army service
  • compulsory schooling
• what does Palmer mean by 'Toxic Childhood'

  rapid technological and cultural changes in the past 25 years have damaged children's physical, emotional and intellectual development
• UNICEF survey in 2013 statistics

  the UK was rated 16th out of 29 for children's wellbeing
• what is the conflict view of childhood

  marxists and feminists argue that the March of Progress view conceals underlying power inequalities, conflicts and problems that children are facing
• Hillman

  boys are more likely to be allowed to cross or cycle on roads, use bikes or go out at night
• Bonke

  girls do more domestic labour especially in lone-parent households where they are 5X more likely that boys
• Brannen

  a study of 15-16 year old's found that Asian parents were more likely to be strict towards their daughters
• Bhatti

  ideas of Izzat could be a restriction, particularly on the behavior of girls
• class conflict

  children born into poorer families are more likely to die in infancy or childhood, suffer longstanding illness's, be shorter in height or fall behind in school
• Firestone and Holt on the March of Progress

  they see what the March of Progress sociologists view as care and protection just as new forms of oppression and control over children
• Neglect and abuse

  In 2013 43,000 children were subject to child protection plans as they were deemed to be at risk of significant harm
• Resources

  children are economically liable on their parents meaning they are dependent on them for resources
• Space

  children have specific areas where they cannot play or go and children's areas are monitored highly by CCTV
• Time

  children have strict daily routines, limited responsibility and behaviors
• Bodies

  adults restrict children by choosing how they sit, walk, dress and are touched. Children are also told how to not touch their own body such as being told of for picking their nose
• what is the age patriarchy

  Gintis notes the adult domination and child dependency.
• What was meant originally by the term family

  the power of the male head over all other members of the household - this power may still assert itself in the form of violence against children and women
• Humphreys and Thiaras study

  a quarter of the 200 women in the study had left their husbands as they feared for their childs life
• woodroffe

  poor mothers are more likely to give birth to children of lower birth weight which can be linked to both delayed physical and mental development