Cytogenetics

• Genetics is the study of biologically inherited traits.
• Carolus Linnaeus developed a classification system in early genetics.
• Charles Darwin is known for his theory of evolution by natural selection.
• Gregor Johann Mendel discovered fundamental laws of heredity, including the Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment.
• Inheritance or biological inheritance is a characteristic that is transmitted from parents to their offspring.
• Phenotype is the observable expression of genetic information as a cellular, morphological, clinical, or biochemical trait.
• Heredity can be determined by genes, the environment, or through interactions between them.
• Heterozygous genotype is when the two alleles at a particular gene locus are different.
• Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism and determines phenotype.
• Homozygous genotype is when both alleles at a particular gene locus are the same.
• Mendel published his investigations into inheritance of pea plants, earning him the title of Father of Genetics.
• Eduard Strasburger led to the theory that the cell nucleus is the bearer of the physical basis of heredity.
• Walther Flemming is known for the first illustrations of human chromosomes and the term MITOSIS.
• August Weismann proposed the theory of continuity of the germ plasm, stating that heritable information is transmitted only by the germ cells.
• Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz rediscovered Mendel’s Law.
• Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermack-Seysenegg developed the Chromosome theory of Inheritance, stating that the Mendelian laws of inheritance could be applied to chromosomes.
• Walter Sutton developed the Chromosome theory of Inheritance, stating that chromosomes are involved with inheritance.
• Theodor Boveri identified chromosomes as the genetic material responsible for Mendelian Inheritance, leading to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.
• Every human body cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes, which is 46 in total.
• The genetic chromosomes combine during fertilization to produce offspring with the same chromosome number as their parents.
• A gene is a special segment of DNA that is found on a chromosome and codes for a particular protein that determines a particular trait/feature/characteristic.
• Homologous Chromosome is a pair of chromosomes that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double helix shaped molecule that contains all the genetic materials and determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism.
• Alleles are different forms of a gene, which produce variations in a genetically inherited trait.
• Recessive allele is an allele whose phenotypic expression is “hidden” when a dominant allele is present.
• Clarence Erwin McClung suggested in 1902 that the sex determination was related to some special chromosomes.
• Carrier is an individual who is heterozygous for a trait that only shows up in the phenotype of those who are homozygous recessive.
• Loci or Locus is the specific location of a gene for some trait on a chromosome.
• Dominant allele is an allele that dominates over others in determining phenotype.
• Chromosomes are a special structure that is found in cells and are made up of an organized section/strand of DNA that contains many genes.
• Each parent synthesizes gametes that contain only half of their chromosomal complement.
• Grigorii Andreevich Levitsky introduced the term 'karyotype', which is an ordered arrangement of chromosomes.
• Trait is a specific characteristic of an organism.
• The endomembrane system consists of all the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell, and is clear and gel-like in appearance.
• Organelles are a part of the endomembrane system, which includes the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.
• There are two types of cells: Eukaryote (with nucleus) and Prokaryote (without nucleus).
• Centrioles are small, cylindrical organelles involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
• Cell Biology is the study of the basic unit of all living things, which are cells.
• Intermediate filaments are protein fibers that provide mechanical strength to cells.
• Cytosol is the fluid portion of cytoplasm, which is a colloid and contains the cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic inclusions.