coasts

• A sea stack is a vertical column or pillar of rock that is isolated from the mainland by erosion.
• Abrasion occurs when sediment carried by waves collides with rocks on the shoreline or cliff face, causing them to wear away over time
• Hydraulic action is the force exerted by water as it hits the shoreline or cliffs
• The main types of coastal erosion are hydraulic action, abrasion, corrosion, attrition, solution, hydroplaning, saltation, suspension, mass movement, and biogenic activity.
• A cliff is a steep rock face, especially at the edge of the sea.
• A headland is a narrow piece of land that projects from a coastline into the sea.
• An arch is formed when two adjacent sea stacks are connected at their base, forming an opening through which water can flow.
• Arches may collapse due to weathering processes such as freeze-thaw cycles, causing the rocks above to fall into the sea.
• The formation of arches requires significant wave action over long periods of time to create a hole beneath them.
• Solution involves the dissolving of minerals within rocks due to exposure to water containing carbonic acid (formed through the reaction between rainwater and atmospheric CO2). This process can lead to the formation of caves and arches along the coastline.
• Saltation is the process whereby particles bounce along the seabed due to turbulent flow.
• Wave refraction is the bending of waves around headlands and towards weaker areas of the coastline
• A headland is a high point of land projecting into the sea or a large body of water.
• An estuary is an area where freshwater meets seawater, usually forming a wide river mouth.
• A bay is a recess in a coastline, typically between two headlands.
• A bay is a recessed part of a larger body of water, such as a lake or ocean.