human nature

• Paragraph 1: AGREE (Optimistic View of Human Nature)

  • Both modern and classical liberals share an optimistic view of human nature, seeing humans as rational, self-seeking, and capable of resolving disputes through debate.
  • Classical liberals: Humans are self-seeking but good-intentioned, knowing what’s best for themselves. They are sceptical of state power, fearing corruption.
  • Locke: A limited state is essential to develop reasoned thinking. Modern liberals agree, emphasizing accountability and freedom to make mistakes without state instruction.Key Thinkers: John Locke.
• Paragraph 2: AGREE (Individualism and Meritocracy)

  • Liberals believe humans are naturally competitive and desire to better themselves, making society a collective of self-seeking individuals.
  • They reject organicism and hierarchies, advocating meritocracy and equality of opportunity.
  • Wollstonecraft: Foundational equality between men and women ensures privilege is earned through hard work. Liberals uphold tolerance as a virtue, respecting all races, religions, and backgrounds.Key Thinkers: Mary Wollstonecraft.
• Paragraph 3: DISAGREE (Types of Individualism)

  • Classical liberals support egoistic individualism: Humans are inherently selfish, seeking personal success even at others’ expense.
  • Mill: Humans aim to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, reflecting utilitarian desires.
  • Modern liberals advocate developmental individualism: Humans are socially responsible, helping the disadvantaged become rational beings. Rawls: Behind the veil of ignorance, individuals desire a society where the worst-off are supported.Key Thinkers: John Stuart Mill, John Rawls.
• Conclusion

  • Liberals largely agree on human nature: humans are rational, self-seeking, and capable of progress.
  • Disagreements exist over individualism (egoistic vs. developmental) and the role of the state, but these are outweighed by shared optimism about human potential.Key Thinkers: Locke, Wollstonecraft, Mill, Rawls.